Boeing Company note cards Essay

The Boeing Company started initially as Pacific Aero Products Company and then William E. Boeing, the founder of The Boeing Company incorporated it on 15 July 1916 in Seattle, Washington. The company with its steady progress has emerged as of the leading manufacturers of commercial jets in the world. The major competitor of Boeing Company is the Airbus, which is run by the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company. The first of the modern airliners in the world produced by the Boeing Company was Boeing 247 that was manufactured in the mid of 1933. After conducting several researches and studying the market the company came up with an innovative pressurized cabin that was capable of flying even in the rough weathers with an altitude of 20,000 feet. This was a remarkable invention in the world of aeronautics. (Boeing Historical Archives, 2009) The Model was named â€Å"307 Stratoliner† and this was the first four-engine airliner that was offered in domestic services and with that the model also was able to mark new standards with its USP on speed and comfort jointly. Initially Boeing manufactured 10 Stratoliners but then they stopped the production when World War II started. The Stratoliners were then used in Army Transport Command for the later five years. The smart thing that the Boeing Company did was to maintain close ties with the US Department of Defense and as a result the Boeing Defense, Space and Security is currently $34 billion dollar company with more than 68,000 employees all around the world. The Headquarter of the company is situated in St. Louis, Missouri, US. (Company Snapshot, 2010) With increasing trend of moving towards the concern of environment and generation of substitutes to fossil-based jet fuels, the Research and Technology department of Boeing has joined forces with PetroChina that would evaluate the potential of biofuel. The company is then likely to enter in to the biofuel industry as well which will include a full-fledge laboratory that will emphasize on renewable algae biomass that can be harvested as seed and then processed to convert into a jet fuel. The research will be conducted to analyze and monitor all possible phases of sustainable aviation biofuel development. (PR News, 2010) Boeing as provides military aircrafts and other products to different governments therefore the operations of the company are very sensitive. To consider the demands of government, special attention needs to be paid. However, up till now the company has been able to maintain good relationships with different governments of the world by providing them quality and reliable products. But this relationships needs to be tied further longer as now governments have alternatives because of competitors coming into the industry. (The Boeing Company, 2010) In this research we would analyze how Boeing relates to different governments to whom it serves and what kinds of products do the company offers to them. Objective The objectives of the research report are: †¢ to analyze the extent to which Boeing relates with its customers and government to it serves †¢ to examine the relationship between Boeing and government it services and the nature of their relationships Both primary and secondary sources have been used to collect the data. Primary sources include the interviewing of executives of Boeing whereas secondary include researching through internet, published papers, books, ebooks, etc. Government is one of the main customers of Boeing and providing military aircrafts and other items is one of the main products from which the company earns revenue therefore, Boeing needs to have a successful relationships with government in order to maintain its position. As these products are very sensitive from the government point of view, therefore it is imperative that Boeing should consider what the government demands. This will help both, the government and the company, and will help in building better relationships. Literature Review Department of Defense: The Department of Defense generates about 80% of revenues for Boeing Defense Space. The refined communications networks of the company in air, land, sea, and even on space-based platforms for the military is unmatchable. A press release that is published few months back promotes the NewGen Tanker of being as a widebody, multi-mission aerial refueling aircraft, the NewGen Tanker is manufactured as an advancement of the commercial aircraft Boeing 767. This model projects is USP as friendly to the environment and low on fares through low taxes. The aircraft is capable of burning 24% less fuel than its previous version. (Press Release, 2010) If the US Air Force accepts the proposal of manufacturing the model commercially, the company will be offering more than 4,500 jobs in the market and will offer an addition of $233 million dollars to the state of California. In the market of defense sales, the company’s major competitor is Lockheed Martin who revenues are largely based on the sales of US government, which results to about 85%. Boeing Defense, Space & Security or Boeing Military Airplanes Formerly known as Boeing Integrated Defense, renamed as Boeing Defense, Space and Security is a unit of The Boeing Company is in charge of defense and aerospace products and services. It was formed in 2002 with the merger of Military Aircraft and Missile Systems and Space and Communications. Boeing has become third largest defense contractor in the world and responsible for 51% of company’s income by 2008 due to its unit Boeing Defense, Space and Security. Boeing IDS is based in Berkeley, Missouri, USA, near the city of St. Louis. It has also remained the largest employer in St. Louis County in 2000. (The Boeing Company, 2010) Boeing Military Airplane Company; Hughes Satellite Systems; Hughes Helicopters minus the commercial helicopter products (which were stripped as MD Helicopters); Piasecki Helicopter, afterwards known as Boeing Vertol and then Boeing Helicopters; the St. Louis-based McDonnell division of the former McDonnell Douglas Company; and the former North American Aviation division of Rockwell International are few major names in aerospace which are the result of consolidated group of Boeing Defense, Space and Security Defense and other With the increasing number of passengers it was realized that it is important to stay in touch through computers, for the reason Boeing introduced Connexion by Boeing providing internet connectivity through satellite. In 2005 it started its products to journalists. However due to huge competition it was difficult for the company to sell it to most airlines Boeing together with SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation) was the chief contractors of US military’s future combat system program. This program was cancelled in June 2009 with the remaining system cleared to the BCT modernization program. On the transfer of Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates in defense, the spending was shifted to making the tough choices about specific systems and defense priorities based exclusively on national interest. This decision hit the Boeing hard due to the heavy involvement of them which cancelled Air Force their projects. (Norris, 2001) Boeing improving its technology The Boeing Company is also aiming to offer 787 Dreamliner that will focus on unmatched performance and combinations of newest technologies. This model will be able to burn 20% less fuel than its competitive airplanes, with more cargo capacity, and more than half of the structure will be developed through composite materials that will eliminate the use of aluminum sheets and fasteners. About 250 passengers will be accommodated in the airplane and they will get the advantage humid interior environment. Ever since The Boeing Company came into the market in 1916, it has focus to adapt the new technologies and emphasized more on researches, their exceptional results in performance and comfort are the success factors of the company. Government as a Client The major client of the company is governments. The U. S government is the top corporate client of The Boeing Company, but the U. S government is not the only government that is the client of Boeing. The other governments of the world are also major contributor to the revenue of the Boeing Company. The other governments are mostly the US allies and their revenue contribution although is not equal to US government but still it is better than most of the million dollar companies. Boeing is not only responsible in the sales of military aircrafts to governments, but the company also manufactures and sells commercial airplanes to private airlines all over the world. In 2010 the Indian government also forwarded a tender to the Boeing company which resulted in the sales of eighteen Boeing 777and twenty seven 787 Dreamliners to Air India Company. Dependence on US government and WTO-incompatible subsidies As discussed above, the company’s major revenue is from the US government which incorporates the 65% of the total revenue share annually. The Boeing Company’s major competitor Airbus criticizes the company’s policies for the subsidy contracts from the US government and its financial support to attract foreign and domestic clients especially in the model Boeing 7E7 model, Airbus states that financial support is more than double what it gets for its new model Airbus A380. This fact is undoubtedly strength for The Boeing Company where they stand on a win-win situation due to its close ties with US government. (Robertson, D. 2006) Political contributions, taxes, and advocacy The lobby expenditures of Boeing in the year 2007 were report to $4. 14 million whereas in the year 2006, the expenditure was even more totaling to $9. 12 million. The company received $15. 3 billion as long-term debt from Export-Import Bank of the United States. (Boeing, 2010) In 2009, April issue of Business Week magazine, the Boeing Company was reported as one of 25 US companies paying the least US taxes. The magazine statistics stated that according to the accounts the company paid 3. 2 % taxes whereas the standard corporate tax rate was 35% Controversies Boeing has been also protesting over the aid provided to its competitor Airbus in terms of long term credits, whereas Airbus has its statement that Boeing has been receiving subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks that are totally illegal. Methodology Both the methods were used for the collection of data for this research report on Boeing i. e. primary sources and secondary sources of data collection. Primary sources include interviewing of few Boeing staff members whereas secondary sources include different sources have been researched using internet, library, published papers, books, news and magazines. Primary method was to interview few of Boeing staff members to know about the role government plays, how the government affects their operations, how government benefits them, and what the future plans of Boeing are. However, besides the primary research the substantial amount of research is based on secondary data collection and the main reason for selecting the secondary data as the main source for conducting the research is that it takes less time and effort. Besides this, the collection of data is easier and cheaper using secondary data rather than using primary sources of data collection. Secondary data is readily available from different sources and also it is accessible for everyone. The advancement in technology and particularly because of internet, today conducting research has been far easier than before. Also many authentic and reliable sources were found from where data was collected; therefore the purpose of conducting primary research or interview was almost equal to zero. There are number of advantages of using secondary data as a means to conduct the research besides the time, cost and effort required. As many of the research have been conducted by government officials and professional researchers therefore the chances of biasness have been reduced and more accurate data can be found. Secondary data is very handy because data from different geographic regions can be collected and you do not have to go to different locations to collect the data but you can all at one place. Also secondary data is important because one can analyze the trend and view the past records. Limitations of the research include different people in the Boeing Company as well as in government sector were to be interviewed but because of lack of time these officials were not able to give us their time. Also few of the people who were to be interviewed had been out of city therefore only a small number of Boeing staff had been interviewed only. Analysis Financial Analysis of the Company 2008: Boeing’s annual revenue in the year 2008 was 60. 9 Billion USD and it had shown a decline of 8. 25% from 2007. And the net earnings of Boeing were $279 billion with a decrease of 34%. (10) 2009: 2009 proved to be a lucrative year for the company as the revenue increased by 12. 10% from 2008. The total revenue recorded in the year was $68. 3 billion showing an increase of $7,372 million. Revenues from defense also increased by $1,614 million mainly because of more revenues generated from Boeing Military Airplanes and Global Services and Support. (9) Operating earnings of the company increased by $67 million from the last year and this was because of more earnings from Military Airplanes segment. First Quarter of 2010: The year 2010 has also shown good signs for Boeing as the operating margin has increased to 7. 7% with revenue of $15. 2 billion in the first quarter, with net earnings of $0. 5 billion. The company expects the total revenue from this year would be in the range of $64 to $66 billion. Although this figure is less than 2010 revenues but Boeing in the year 2011 the company expects the revenues and profits to be much higher than what it were in 2009. The main reason for increased revenue is that Boeing would deliver new airlines – the 787. Role of Government: Going through different published papers and different materials found on the internet and library, it has been analyzed that the role of government is very important in aviation safety. Air Commerce Act allowed the government to establish different air routes, air navigation systems, investigating in accidents, licensing pilots etc. These are the basic roles played by different governments of the world including the government of United States of America. Conclusion Providing military aircrafts has been one of the main businesses of Boeing and the main market for these crafts is the government. Therefore, it is very important for the company to have good relationships with them and realize the importance of providing high quality products to different governments because these aircrafts would be used in very sensitive areas. Also government needs to support and allow the company to be innovative in their approach so that they could come up with new and exciting products every now and then. Works Cited Boeing Historical Archives, 2009. â€Å"The Boeing Log Book†, various volumes, published by Boeing Historical Archives. PR News, 2010. â€Å"Boeing and Chinese Energy Officials Announce Sustainable Biofuel Initiatives. † 27, May 2010. PRNewsWire News Releases, Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. prnewswire. com/news- releases/boeing-and-chinese-energy-officials-announce-sustainable-biofuel-initiatives-95007509. html Press Release, 2010. â€Å"Boeing NewGen Tanker Win Would Bring 4,500 Jobs, $233 Million to California. † 27 May 2010. PRNewsWire United Business Media. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. prnewswire. com/news-releases/boeing-newgen-tanker-win-would-bring-4500-jobs-233-million-to-california-95036539. html The Boeing Company, 2010. Corporate Information Snapshots. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://www. corporateinformation. com/Company-Snapshot Boeing 787 first flight announced†. BBC, 27 August 2009. Boeing, 2010. â€Å"Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online†. Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from . Boeing Company. The Boeing Company. The Company, 1979 Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner. Boeing 777: The Technological Marvel. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2001 Robertson, D. 2006. â€Å"Airbus will lose â‚ ¬4. 8bn because of A380 delays†. London: The Times Business News. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article659591. ece.

Embedded system

AbstractionAn Embedded system has become indispensable in our lifes: autos, airplanes, powerplant control systems, telecommunications systems, all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them are real-time systems which response to their seasonableness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to run into under influence of unpredictable stochastic behaviour of the system. In this thesis we address stochastic undertaking executing times. In programming of undertakings in real-time systems, it is normally assumed that the undertakings consume their WCET in every supplication. This is a pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. However ; there exist real-time systems that have soft existent clip restraints. The benefit of loosen uping the premises is that more systems are schedulable and, more significantly, systems with a higher burden is schedulable.The end of the undertaking is to:* Implementing Stochastic WCET and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. * Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. The consequences show the public presentation and the advantage gained by least slack foremost scheduling algorithm which has lowest possible slack clip.Key wordsRTOS, Simulation, Tasks, Response clip, Worst instance response clip, worst instance executing clip.three Sammanfattningbegreppen Baddat in systemen har bli oumbarlig I var livsform: bil, flygmaskinerna powerplant kontroll systemen telecommuncations systemen, de all innehalla digital arbete med computing machine systemen med hangiven funktionellitet. Hogst portents dem de/vi/du/ni ar verklig – tid systemen vilken svaren till deras timeliness tvangen. Och den har seasonableness behoven har till bli nagot oforutsedd stochastic beteende om system. I denne teorien six adress plattform – beroende stochastic arbetsuppgift utforanden tiden. I planlage av uppgiften I verklig – tid systemen, den Er vanligtvis anta sa base on balls uppgiften fortara lair wcet I varje akallan. Den har Er en pessimistisk antaganden lair dar Er gjord for att garanti hard verklig – tid utforande. Hur†¦ an ; dar finnas verklig – tid systemen sa base on balls har mjuk verklig tid tvangen. Formanen av slappa antagandena Er det elevation mer systemen de/vi/du/ni ar schedulable och, mer viktigt, systemen med en hoger lasta ar schedulable. Malet om projekt ar boulder clay: * Stochastic wcet och lair minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen i en verklig – tid system simulanten. * Experimentera skulle bli utfort for att undersoka experimental lair formanen one termen av antal Ab schedulable systemen anvandande stochastic wcets jamforde med anvandande fastad wcets. Den resultaten utstallning utforanden och fordelen vinna vid minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen vilken har lagst mullig slo tid.List of AbbreviationsPTDA — – } Probabilistic clip demand analysis. STDA — – } Stochastic clip demand analysis. EP — – } Execution profile SN — – } Switch overing figureChapter 1IntroductionThis chapter gives the motive for the work done in this thesis in subdivision 1.1, and so aims in subdivision 1.2, and construction of the thesis in subdivision 1.3.1.1 MotivationEmbedded systems have become common usage in our life: family contraptions, autos, aeroplanes, power works control systems, medical equipment, telecommunication systems, infinite engineering, they all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them, if non all, are real-time systems, i.e. their responses to stimulations have timeliness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to be met despite some unpredictable, stochastic behaviour of the system.1.2 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop 1. Implementing stochastic wcet and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. 2. Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. 3. Get trained in utilizing Research methodological analysis for work outing a province of art job in an country of import for the Masters plan. 4. Understand how the work is expected to be documented and pattern it in composing a Masters thesis.1.3 Thesis OutlineChapter 2, describes the theoretical background about the stochastic behavior of real-time systems and least slack foremost scheduling algorithm. Chapter 3, outlines the job preparation. Chapter 4, describes the solution. Chapter 5, demonstrates the rating of the simulation. Chapter 6, shows the related plants. Chapter 7, follows decisions from the consequences obtained.Chapter 2BackgroundThis chapter introduces basic constructs and notations needed for understanding the balance of the thesis. Section 2.1 presents the chief constructs of real-time and embedded systems. Section 2.2 presents the constructs of least slack first algorithm and their types.2.1 Real-time and Embedded Systems2.1.1 RTOSReal-time Operating System, an operating system designed to be used in existent clip systems. A Real clip systems has been defined as Any information processing activity or system which has to react to externally generated input stimulations within a finite and specified hold. The basic features of a real-time systems or embedded computing machine systems have been considered. They were: 1. Breadth and complexness 2. Manipulation of existent Numberss 3. Real-time control. 4. Efficient execution. 5. Extreme dependability and safety. Systems, in which the rightness of their operation is defined non merely in footings of functionality but besides in footings of seasonableness, organize the category of real-time systems. Hard Real clip systems: Seasonableness demands may be difficult significance that the misdemeanor of any such demand is non tolerated. In a difficult real-time system, if non all deadlines are guaranteed to be met, the system is said to be unschedulable. To understand, design, predict, and analyze safety critical applications such as works control and aircraft control, hence the community focused on difficult existent clip systems, where interrupting seasonableness demands are non tolerated. The analysis of such system gives a yes/no reply to the inquiry if the system fulfils the seasonableness demands. Hard existent clip analysis relies on constructing worst-case scenarios. Hard existent clip analysis can non afford but to presume that worst instance scenarios ever go on and to proviso for these instances. This attack is the lone one applicable for the category of safety critical embedded systems, even if really frequently leads to important under use of resources. Soft Real clip systems: Systems classified as soft real-time may on occasion interrupt a real-time demand provided that the service quality exceeds prescribed degrees. The nature of real-time embedded system is typically heterogenous along multiple dimensions. For illustration, an application may exhibit informations, control and protocol processing features. It may besides dwell of blocks exhibiting different classs of seasonableness demands, such as difficult and soft. In the instance of soft real-time systems nevertheless, the analysis provides fittingness estimations, such as steps of the grade to which a system is schedulable, instead than binary categorizations.2.1.2 SimulationSimulation is a method which can be used for analysis of response clip. When we are utilizing simulation, a elaborate theoretical account of the system is executed in imitating a system before it is implemented helps cut downing hazards of failure.2.1.3 UndertakingsA procedure in a existent clip system normally with some deadline and a period.2.1.4 Response clipThe clip in which system gives end product after taking input.2.1.5 Worst instance response clipThe maximal possible response clip of a undertaking.2.1.6 Worst instance executing clip ( WCET )The longest possible executing clip of the undertaking. Stochastic theoretical account uses in: It improves schedulability of undertakings compared to presuming their executing times are ever equal to their wcets. It uses good known Techniques of Deterministic Analysis, such as barricading in shared resources, undertaking precedence assignment.2.2 Least slack foremost Scheduling Algorithm:Least Slack Time programming is a Scheduling algorithm. It assigns precedence based on the slack clip of a procedure. It is besides known as Least Laxity First and most common usage is in embedded systems, particularly those with multiple processors.2.2.1 Slack clipThis programming algorithm first selects those procedures that have the smallest â€Å" loose clip † . Slack clip is defined as the temporal difference between the absolute deadline, the ready clip and the tally clip. More officially, the slack clip for a procedure is defined as: ( d – T ) – degree Celsius ‘ Where, vitamin D is the procedure deadline T is the existent clip since the rhythm start degree Celsius ‘ is the staying calculation clip. It ‘s Suitable in: LST programming is most utile in systems consisting chiefly nonperiodic undertakings, because no anterior premises are made on the events ‘ rate of happening. The chief failing of LST is that it does non look in front, and works merely on the current system province. Therefore, during a brief overload of system resources, LST can be sub-optimal and it will besides be suboptimal when used with uninterruptible procedures. It is optimum in: 1. Processor pre-emption is allowed. 2. No contention for resources. 3. Single processor. 4. Arbitrary release times. 5. Arbitrary deadlines.2.2.2 Related plants on LSTWhen an algorithm contains same least loose clip, it causes tonss of unneeded exchanging so bad public presentation will be at that place, so to curtail that we use least slack first to a great extent. LSF scheduling algorithm implemented by threshold ; a fresh Dynamic Fuzzy Threshold Based least Slack First ( DFTLSF ) scheduling algorithm is presented. DFTLSF algorithm uses the lingual set ( uncountable set ) to depict the period and the slack clip which contains unsure characters. The threshold coefficient gotten by fuzzy regulations assigns the threshold of the running undertaking dynamically. Any one who wants to preempt this undertaking must hold the smaller slack clip than the threshold. The consequences of the simulations show that, comparing to the traditional LSF Algorithm, the exchanging figure ( SN ) is much smaller2.2.2.1 DFTLSF Fuzzy Threshold:Two characters are considered to judge the precedence of a undertaking in DFTLSF: 1. Slack Time. 2. Threshold. The most of import of the undertaking to the system is, The little coefficient consequences in the little threshold which causes the difficult pre-emption by other undertakings. Once the undertaking gets the CPU, its slack clip reduces to its pre-emption threshold degree which is computed. It wo n't acquire back until the undertaking is done or the undertaking is preempted by another undertaking. The algorithm integrates the advantages of the pre-emption scheduling algorithm and the non-preemption 1. It consequences in a double precedence system that is good for the undertakings put to deathing successfully and cut downing the exchanging figure. The method makes the agenda and the pre-emption flexible and sensible harmonizing to the state of affairs the undertaking faces. When the threshold coefficient is 0, the algorithm is the method becomes the LSF while the threshold coefficient gets its biggest one which is 1.Scheduling scheme:In DFTLSF scheduling algorithm, the dynamic fuzzed threshold coefficient is proposed. It improves the schedulability by adding a fuzzed threshold coefficient. To look for the threshold coefficient, some fuzzy regulations are made ; the threshold coefficient is used for the running undertakings in the system. It is compared with other undertakings loose clip to make up one's mind which one to run foremost. It decreases the switching figure among undertakings when the slack clip of the undertakings is about the same. As a consequence, it avoids the walloping ( trading ) in the system and improves the schedulability. Another betterment is the critical value of loose clip. It is introduced into the system to guarantee the undertakings which are about finished ca n't be preempted by other undertakings.2.2.2.2 Least Laxity First Scheduling:This can be a coprocessor capable of implementing dynamic programming algorithms which are, until now seldom used because of their complex calculations at agenda clip. LLF is an optimum programming methodological analysis that allows sensing of clip restraint misdemeanors in front of making a tasks deadline, but has the disadvantage of demoing hapless runtime behaviour in some particular state of affairss ( â€Å"thrashing† ) The Least-Laxity-First algorithm ( LLF ) is a dynamic programming method, i.e. it makes the determination about which undertaking to put to death following at schedule clip. Another great advantage of the Least-Laxity-First algorithm is the fact that except schedulability proving no farther analysis, e.g. for delegating fixed precedences to the undertakings, has to be done at development clip. Furthermore, Least-Laxity-First shows hapless public presentation in state of affairss in which more than one undertaking have the smallest slack.2.2.2.3 Enhanced Least Laxity First Scheduling:This algorithm preserves all advantages of LLF while bettering the tally clip behaviour by cut downing the figure of context switches. Calculation clip of this device is instead a affair of clip declaration than of the figure of undertakings. This is of high importance as LLF in certain state of affairss causes a large figure of unneeded context switches that can dramatically increase operating system operating expense. ELLF algorithm represents a inactive programming coprocessor, i.e. the device determines the undertaking to be executed next merely after an external start signal. The purpose of this betterment is to guarantee that in a state of affairs when some undertakings would usually get down to thresh, they are executed consecutively without preempting each other. This can non be done by merely doing the whole system temporarily Non-preemptive. With such a non-preemptive LLF-algorithm, undertakings may lose their deadlines.Advantages of Enhanced Least-Laxity- First Scheduling:1. It responses the clip analysis of threshing undertakings. 2. Number of Context Switches.2.2.2.4 Modified Least Laxity First Scheduling:A Modified Least-Laxity-First ( MLLF ) scheduling algorithm is to work out the frequent context switches job of the LLF programming algorithm. The MLLF programming algorithm allows the laxness inversion where a undertaking with the least laxness may non be scheduled instantly. If the laxity-tie occurs, MLLF scheduling algorithm allows the running undertaking to run with no pre-emption every bit far as the deadlines of other undertakings are non missed. Laxity Inversion Duration at clip T is the continuance that the current running undertaking can go on running with no loss in schedulability even if there exist a undertaking ( or undertakings ) whose laxness is smaller than the current running undertaking. Hence, MLLF scheduling algorithm avoids the debasement of systems public presentation.Chapter 3Problem FormulationSince the application sphere of this thesis is embedded systems, this chapter starts in subdivision 3.1 with a treatment on the bing programming algorithms based on Real clip systems. Section 3.2 presents the demand of Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm in stochastic wcet.3.1 Scheduling Algorithms in Real-time SystemsFor a given set of occupations, the general programming jobs asks for an order harmonizing to which the occupations are to be executed by fulfilling with assorted restraints. Typically, a occupation is characterised by its executing clip, ready clip, deadline, and resource demands. The executing of a occupation may or may non be interrupted over a set of occupations and there is a precedency relation which constraints the order of the executing, particularly with the executing of a occupation can non get down until the executing of all its predecessors is completed.Types of Real-Time SchedulingFor illustration the systems on which the occupations are to be executed is characterised by the sum of resources available [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . The undermentioned ends should be considered in scheduling a real-time system: [ 30, 32, 27 ] . * Meeting the timing restraints of the system * Preventing coincident entree to shred resources and devices. * Achieving a high grade of use while fulfilling the timing restraints of the system. * Reducing the cost of context switches caused by pre-emption. * Reducing the communicating cost in real-time distributed systems. In add-on, the undermentioned points are desired in advanced real-time systems: * Sing a combination of difficult, and soft existent clip system activities, which implies the possibility of using dynamic programming policies that respect to the optimality standards. * Task programming of using dynamic programming policies that respect the optimality standards. * Covering dependability, security, and safety. Basically, the programming job is to find a agenda for the executing of the occupations so that they are all completed before the overall deadline [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . Given a real-time system, the appropriate programming attack should be designed based on the belongingss of the system and the undertakings happening in it. These belongingss are as follows [ 22, 59, 30, 32 ] : _ Soft/Hard/Firm real-time undertakings The real-time undertakings are classified as difficult, soft and steadfast real-time undertakings. Periodic/Aperiodic/Sporadic undertakings Periodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated ( released ) on a regular basis at fixed rates ( periods ) . Normally, periodic undertakings have a restraint which indicates that cases of them must put to death one time per period. Aperiodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly at some unknown and perchance boundless rate. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. Sporadic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly with some known bounded rate. The delimited rate is characterized by a minimal inter-arrival period, that is, a minimal interval of clip between two consecutive activations. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. An nonperiodic undertaking has a deadline by which it must get down or complete, or it may hold a restraint on both start and finish times. In the instance of a periodic undertaking, a period means one time per period or precisely units apart. A bulk of centripetal processing is periodic in nature. For illustration, a radio detection and ranging that tracks flights produces informations at a fixed rate [ 32, 29, 27, 12 ] . _ Preemptive/Non-preemptive undertakings In some real-time programming algorithms, a undertaking can be preempted if another undertaking of higher precedence becomes ready. In contrast, the executing of a non-preemptive undertaking should be completed without break, once it is started [ 32, 30, 27, 12 ] ._ Multiprocessor/Single processor systems The figure of the available processors is one of the chief factors in make up one's minding how to Agenda a real-time system. In multiprocessor real-time systems, the scheduling algorithms should forestall coincident entree to shared resources and devices. Additionally, the best scheme to cut down the communicating cost should be provided [ 32, 27 ] . Fixed/Dynamic precedence undertakings In precedence driven programming, a precedence is assigned to each undertaking. Delegating the precedences can be done statically or dynamically while the system is running [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _Flexible/Static systems For scheduling a real-time system, we need to hold adequate information, such as deadline, minimal hold, maximal hold, run-time, and worst instance executing clip of each undertaking. A bulk of systems assume that much of this information is available a priori and, hence, are based on inactive design. However, some of the real-time systems are designed to be dynamic and flexible [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _ Independent/Dependent undertakings Given a real-time system, a undertaking that is traveling to get down executing may necessitate to have the information provided by another undertaking of the system. Therefore, executing of a undertaking should be started after completing the executing of the other undertaking. This is the construct of dependence.3.2 Implementing Least Slack First in stochastic behaviour:The laxness of a procedure is defined as the deadline subtraction staying calculation clip. In other words, the laxness of a occupation is the maximum sum of clip that the occupation can wait and still run into its deadline. The algorithm gives the highest precedence to the active occupation with the smallest laxness. Then the occupation with the highest precedence is executed. While a procedure is put to deathing, it can be preempted by another whose laxness has decreased to below that of the running procedure. A job arises with this strategy when two procedures have similar laxnesss. One procedure will run for a short piece and so acquire preempted by the other and frailty versa. Thus, many context switches occur in the life-time of the procedures. The least laxness foremost algorithm is an optimum programming algorithm for systems with periodic real-time undertakings. If each clip a new ready undertaking arrives ; it is inserted into a waiting line of ready undertakings, sorted by their laxnesss. In this instance, the worst instance clip complexness of the LLF algorithm is where the entire figure of the petitions in each hyper-period of periodic undertakings in the system and is the figure of nonperiodic undertakings. vitamin E The executing clip of a undertaking depends on application dependant, platform dependant, and environment dependent factors. The sum of input informations to be processed in each undertaking instantiation every bit good as its type ( pattern, constellation ) are application dependent factors. The type of treating unit that executes a undertaking is a platform dependent factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip. If the clip needed for communicating with the environment is to be considered as a portion of the executing clip, so web burden is an illustration of an environmental factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip.Execution clip chance denseness mapshows the executing clip probability denseness of such a undertaking. An attack based on a worst instance executing clip theoretical account would implement the undertaking on an expensive system which guarantees the imposed deadline for the worst instance state of affairs. This state of affairs nevertheless will happen w ith a really little chance. If the nature of the system is such that a certain per centum of deadline girls is low-cost, a cheaper system, which still fulfills the imposed quality of service, can be designed. For illustration, such a cheaper a system would be one that would vouch the deadlines if the executing clip of the undertaking did non transcend a clip minute t. It can be seen from the, that there is a low chance that the undertaking executing clip exceeds Ts and hence, losing a deadline is a rare event taking to an acceptable service quality.Chapter 4Design and ExecutionThis chapter presents the design and execution of stochastic wcet and LSF scheduling algorithm in subdivision 4.1 severally.4.1 Design of Least Slack First Algorithm:Difficult real-time programming can be thought of as an issue for embedded systems where the sum of clip to finish each explosion is capable to these parametric quantities: Sum of work ( W ) , sum of slack clip ( S ) Assume that the Numberss are specified in footings of processor ticks ( timer interrupts ) . The deadline ( D ) is the amount of W + S, i.e. , slack clip exactly represents the sum of clip which in which the procedure can be preempted while finishing its explosion in order to accomplish the deadline. When a figure of procedures are trying to accomplish their deadlines the undermentioned calculation takes topographic point at each tick ( 1 ) : — W ; // for the current running procedure — Second ; // for all procedures on the ready waiting line Namely, the running procedure has completed another tick of work towards its deadline and the others have one less tick of slack clip available. In scheduling algorithms we imagine for such a system would non be time-sharing, but would be priority-based, where the precedence is measured by some sense of urgency towards finishing the deadlines. Least Slack First ( LSF ) : when a procedure completes a explosion or a new one becomes ready, schedule the procedure whose value S is the smallest. Or, it can concentrate on completing of the overall deadline. Both represent sensible impressions of fulfilling procedure urgency. Here is a simple illustration which illustrates the differing behaviour: Process idle clip explosion — — — – — — — — – — — – A 0 ( W=10, S=8 ) B 3 ( W=3, S=11 ) C 5 ( W=3, S=6 ) Using the LSF algorithm, we would finish these explosions as follows: Time run ready — — — – — — – 0 A ( 10,8 ) ( ) 3 A ( 7,8 ) ( B ( 3,11 ) ) 5 C ( 3,6 ) ( A ( 5,8 ) , B ( 3,9 ) ) 8 A ( 5,5 ) ( B ( 3,6 ) ) 13 B ( 3,1 ) ( ) 16 — – Based on the above illustration the codification has been generated and account for the above illustration: Iteration 1: At clip 0 A will be ( 10, 8 ) Where as 10 is W ( current running procedure ) , 8 is S ( ready waiting line ) . Iteration 2: At clip 3 We have 2 phases: 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure A will ( 7, 8 ) because For 7: W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: At this phase the procedure B will ( 3, 11 ) because For 3: idle clip 11: ready waiting line Iteration 3: At clip 5 Same as like Iteration 2 here besides we have 2 phases 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure C will ( 3, 6 ) because For 3: idle clip 6: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: Procedure A will be ( 5, 8 ) and B will be ( 3, 9 ) For 5: 10-5 i.e. W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line For B: 3: idle clip 9: W+S+idletime – idle clip – idle clip Iteration 4: At clip 8 In Run phase A will be ( 5, 5 ) Because one rhythm is executed so A ready waiting line will be minimized by 3 In Run phase B will be ( 3, 6 ) 6: W-idle clip -idle clip There will be a context switches. Iteration 5: At clip 13 In tally phase B ( 3, 1 ) 1: ready waiting line of loop 3 -idle clip.4.1.1Comparing of Slack undertakings:To compare loose undertakings in LSF with different conditions the codification has been written. if ( slackLeftT1 & lt ; slackLeftT2 ) { return -1 ; } if ( slackLeftT2==slackLeftT1 ) { return 0 ; } if ( slackLeftT2 & lt ; slackLeftT1 ) { return 1 ; } return 0 ; } }4.1.2Implementation of Execution times:In an existent executing clip, the executing block consumes a â€Å" guessed † executing clip that the scheduler is utilizing in its programming determinations. In the map executing, the category Computation demand to utilize the existent executing. In the LSF comparator we must do certain the â€Å" guessed † executing clip is being used. Lashkar-e-taibas denote the existent executing clip as C_to_be_executed_time and it is a data member of the category Computation. this.C_to_be_executed_time = distr.sample ( ) ; // clip that will be consumed by the executing block Let ‘s denote the â€Å" guessed † executing clip as C and it is besides a data member of the category Computation. this.C = distr.sample ( ) ; // Assumed WCET to be used by LSF scheduler We must now guarantee that the execute method consumes C_to_be_executed_time clip units and the LSF comparator uses C. Further, guaranting the executing times that are assigned in the builder of Computation category prevarication in the scope of 0 and some positive upper edge.4.1.3Implementation for scheduling periodic undertakings and work load:The below codification reference to implements the periodic undertakings. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0,31, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ; p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( new Normal ( 10,5 ) , p1 ) ) ; The work load can be calculated by, Workload = max executing time/ period clip.Chapter 5Evaluation of SimulationThis chapter describes the public presentation rating of the simulator. Section 5.1 presents the simulator foundation, while in subdivision 5.25.1 Eclipse and the Eclipse FoundationEclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse undertakings and helps cultivate both an unfastened beginning community and an ecosystem of complementary merchandises and services. The Eclipse Project was originally created by IBM in November 2001 and supported by a pool of package sellers. The Eclipse Foundation was created in January 2004 as an independent not-for-profit corporation to move as the steward of the Eclipse community. The independent not-for-profit corporation was created to let a seller impersonal and unfastened, crystalline community to be established around Eclipse. Today, the Eclipse community consists of persons and organisations from a cross subdivision of the package industry. In general, the Eclipse Foundation provides four services to the Eclipse community: 1 ) IT Infrastructure. 2 ) IP Management. 3 ) Development Process and, 4 ) Ecosystem Development. Full-time staffs are associated with each of these countries and work with the greater Eclipse community to help in run intoing the demands of the stakeholders. Eclipse – an unfastened development platform Eclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. A big and vivacious ecosystem of major engineering sellers, advanced start-ups, universities, research establishments and persons extend, complement and back up the Eclipse platform. Used for 1. Enterprise Development. 2. Mobile + Device development. 3. Application model, linguistic communication ide. Eclipse Undertakings Eclipse is a aggregation of unfastened beginning undertakings built on the Equinox OSGi run-time. Eclipse started as a Java IDE, but has since grown to be much, much more. Eclipse undertakings now cover inactive and dynamic linguistic communications ; thick-client, thin-client, and server-side models ; patterning and concern coverage ; embedded and nomadic systems.5.2 simulator apparatus:On a high degree, the simulator simulates a computing machine system by utilizing objects that encapsulate different functionality and make up one's mind on parametric quantities on the objects. The undermentioned categories are of import: 1.ComputerSystem: c.add ( central processing unit ) ; 2.CPU: A CPU that is bound to the computing machine system DataDependencyGraph g = new DataDependencyGraph ( ) ;g.insertData ( 1, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 2, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 3, 0, 0 ) ;A information dependence graph that describes informations points in the system and their relationship. Think of the relationships a borders between nodes in a directed acyclic graph. Constructs a information dependence graph of three informations points. These informations points have no relationships. 3. ConditionedExecution: At least one learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0, 100, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p1, g ) ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p1 ) ) ; Periodic p2 = new Periodic ( 0, 200, 0, â€Å" T2 † ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p2, g ) ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p2 ) ) ; Periodic p3 = new Periodic ( 0, 103, 0, â€Å" T3 † ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 2, 10, 1, p3, g ) ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p3 ) ) ;Concepts three periodic undertakings. Each undertaking has two conditioned executings that execute in the order they are bound to the undertaking. 4.Tasks: At least one undertaking that is bound to a CPU. Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; c = new Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; ( ) ;CPU central processing unit = new CPU ( new WinOverSlack ( ) ) ;cpu.installTask ( p1 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p2 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p3 ) ;Instantiates a CPU and bounds the undertakings to the CPU. 5.Events: At least one information point that may be used by an executing ComputerSystem cs = new ComputerSystem ( degree Celsius, hint ) ;cs.eventLoop ( 10000 ) ;Concepts a computing machine system and bounds the array of CPUs to it. The method eventLoop starts the simulation and the simulation coatings when it reaches clip point 10000. 6.Trace: Trace hint = new Trace ( new OutputStreamWriter ( System.out ) ) ;Instantiates a hint where the end product of the simulation will be written. This hint writes to standard end product, which makes the end product to look in the console in Eclipse. In simulation, I used stochastic executing times on a sort of learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. This means that every clip the learned executingexecutes it consumes different sums of clip. Therefore, when an case of a undertaking starts we can take a conjecture how much clip it will devour. The system uses LSF that use the guessed executing clip.End product:Chapter 6This chapter focuses on alternate attacks and related research works viz. stochastic undertaking executing times. Hence, in the below subdivision we discussed related plants on stochastic worst instance executing times.Related plantsSome of the related work in stochastic undertaking executing times: Burns et Al. : [ BPSW99 ] addresses the job of a system by interrupting its seasonableness demands due to transeunt mistakes. In this instance, the executing clip variableness stems from undertaking re-executions and the shortest interval between two mistake happening such that no undertaking exceeds its deadline and is determined by sensitiveness analysis. The chance that the system exceeds its deadline is given by the chance that faults occurs at a faster rate than the tolerated one. Broster et Al. : [ BBRN02 ] Determines the response clip of a undertaking ; it re-executes K  º N times due to mistakes in order to obtain the chance distribution of the response clip, and it compute the chance of the event that K mistakes occur. The mistake happening procedure is assumed to be a poisson procedure in both of the cited plants. But Burns et Al. : Extend broster ‘s attack by adding statistical dependences among executing times. His attack are applicable to systems with sporadic undertakings, which are unsuited for the finding of undertaking deadline miss chances of undertakings with generalised executing clip chance distributions, and besides confined to sets which are independent undertakings implemented by utilizing monoprocessor systems. Bernat et Al. : [ BCP02 ] Address different job which determines the frequence with which a individual undertaking executes for a peculiar sum of clip, called executing clip profile and this was performed by based on the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks of the undertaking. The strength of this attack is that they consider statistical dependences among the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks. But nevertheless, this attack would be hard to widen to the deadline miss ratio analysis of multi-task systems because of the complex interleaving with the features of undertaking executings in such environments. Atlas and Bestavros: [ AB98 ] extends the classical rate monotone programming policy with an entree accountant in order to manage undertakings with stochastic executing times. It analyses the quality of the service of the ensuing agenda and its dependance on the entree control parametric quantities. The attack is limited to monoprocessor systems, rate monotone analysis and assumes the presence of an admittance accountant at run-time. Abeni and Buttazzo ‘s [ AB99 ] work addresses both programming and public presentation analysis of undertakings with stochastic parametric quantities. It focuses on how to schedule both difficult and soft real-time undertakings on the same processor, in such a manner that the difficult 1s are non disturbed by ill-behaved soft undertakings. Tia et Al. [ TDS95 ] presume a undertaking theoretical account composed of independent undertakings. There are two methods for public presentation analysis they were, one of them is merely an estimation and is demonstrated to be excessively optimistic. In the 2nd method, a soft undertaking is transformed into a deterministic undertaking and a sporadic 1. The sporadic undertakings are handled by a waiter policy. The analysis is carried out on this peculiar theoretical account. Gardner et Al, [ GAR99, GL99 ] in their stochastic clip demand analysis, present worst-case scenarios with regard to task release times in order to calculate a lower edge for the chance that occupation meets its deadline. It does n't incorporate informations dependences among undertakings and applications implemented on multiprocessors. Zhou et Al. and Hu et Al. [ ZHS99, HZS01 ] root their work in Tia's. , they do non mean to give per-task warrants, but characterize the fittingness of the full undertaking set. Because they consider all possible combinations of executing times of all petitions up to a clip minute, the analysis can be applied merely to little undertaking sets due to complexness grounds. De Verciana et Al. [ BPSW99 ] address a different type of job. Having a undertaking graph and an imposed deadline, its end is to find the way that has the highest chance to go against the deadline. In this instance, the job is reduced to a non-linear optimisation job by utilizing an estimate of the whirl of the chance densenesss. Diaz et Al. [ DJG00 ] derives the expected deadline miss ratio from the chance distribution map of the response clip of a undertaking. The response clip is computed based on the system-level backlog at the beginning of each hyper period, i.e. the residuary executing times of the occupations at those clip minutes. The stochastic procedure of the system-level backlog is Morkovian and its stationary solution can be computed. It contains sets of independent undertakings and the undertaking executing times may presume values merely over distinct sets. In this attack, complexness is mastered by paring the passage chance matrix of the implicit in Markov concatenation or by deploying iterative methods, both at the disbursal of consequence truth. Kalavade and Moghe [ KM98 ] see undertaking graphs where the undertaking executing times are randomly distributed over distinct sets. Their analysis is based on Markovian stochastic procedures excessively. Each province in the procedure is characterized by the executed clip and lead-time. The analysis is performed by work outing a system of additive equations. Because the executing clip is allowed to take merely a finite ( most probably little ) figure of values, such a set of equations is little. Kim and shin [ KS96 ] see applications that are implemented on multiprocessors and modeled them as line uping webs. It restricts the undertaking executing times to exponentially distributed 1s, which reduces the complexness of the analysis. The undertakings were considered to be scheduled harmonizing to a peculiar policy, viz. first-come-first-served ( FCFS ) .Chapter 7Conclusion & A ; Future worksThis chapter gives decisions in subdivision 7.1 and discusses issues for the future work in subdivision 7.27.1 DrumheadNow a yearss, systems controlled by embedded computing machines become indispensable in our lives and can be found in batch of application. And the country of embedded real-time systems introduces the facets of stochastic behavior of real-time systems. In my thesis I deal with platform specific stochastic undertaking. Because of rapid growing in embedded systems by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours, the undertakings in a system are incomplexed mode in a existent clip system and it is normally assumed that the undertaking consume wcet in every supplication. And it is pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. But we have besides soft real-time restraints so that pessimistic premise could be relaxed. In my thesis I worked on loosen uping the pessimistic premise so that more systems are schedulable and more over it is really of import for a system to work on a higher work burden where it is to be schedulable. By this I can do this system to lose their deadlines.7.2 Future workBased on my thesis work, In certain countries it can be better farther by implementing Modified Least Laxity Scheduling Algorithm. By, the aid of this algorithm we can understate the context switches. By understating it, we can non happen any deadline girls and there will be hundred percent use of system which contains higher work burden.Chapter 8Mentions[ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.wcupa.edu/~rkline/OS/Scheduling-examples.html, Last updated: Oct 17, 2007. [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/least-slack-time-scheduling, Article licensed under GNU Free Documentation License. [ 3 ] Ba Wei, Zhang Dabo.. , A Novel Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm Optimized by Threshold.. , China, July 26 -31, 2007. [ 4 ] Jens Hildebrandt, Frank Golatowski, Dirk Timmermann.. , Scheduling Coprocessor for Enhanced Least-Laxity-First Scheduling in Hard Real-Time Systems.. , Germany. [ 5 ] Sung-Heun Oh, Seung-Min Yang.. , A Modified Least-Laxity-First Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Tasks.. , Korea. [ 6 ] Using constituents to ease stochastic schedulability analysis. — – Malardalen University [ 7 ] Using iterative simulation for clocking analysis of complex existent clip systems. — – Cantonese Lu [ 8 ] Analysis and optimisation of existent clip system with stochastic behavior. — – sorin manolache. [ 9 ] A. Atlas and A.Bestavrous.Statistical rate monotonic programming. In proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 123-132, 1998. [ 10 ] L. Abeni and G.Butazzo. Qos warrant utilizing probabilistic deadlines In proceedings of the 11th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, pages 242-249, 1999. [ 11 ] I.Broster, A.Burns, and G.Rodriguez-Navas.Probabilistic analysis of CAN with mistakes. In proceedings of the 23rd Real-time Systems Symposium, 2002. [ 12 ] G.Bernat, A.Colin, and S.Petters.WCET analysis of probabilistic difficult Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 279-288, 2002. [ 13 ] A. Burns, S.Punnekkat, L.Strigini, and D.R.Wright.Probabilistic programming warrants for fault-tolerant real-time systems. In proceeding of the 7th International Working Conference on Dependable Calculating for Critical Applications, pages 339-356, 1999. [ 14 ] G.de Veciana, M.Jacome, and J-H.Guo. Assessing probabilistic timing restraints on system public presentation. Design Automation for Embedded Systems, 5 ( 1 ) :61-81, February 2000. [ 15 ] M.K. Gardner.Probabilistics Analysis and Scheduling of Critical Soft Real-Time Systems. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 1999. [ 16 ] M.K. Gardner and J.W.S.Liu.Analysing Stochastic Fixed Priority Real-Time Systems, pages 44-58.Springer, 1999. [ 17 ] X.S.Hu, T.Zhou, and E.H.M.Sha. Estimating Probabilistic timing public presentation for real-time embedded systems.IEEE Minutess on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, 9 ( 6 ) :833-844, December 2001. [ 18 ] A.Kavavade and P.Moghe. A tool for public presentation appraisal of networked embedded end-systems. In Proceedings of the thirty-fifth Design Automation Conference, pages 257-262, 1998. [ 19 ] J.Kim and K.G.Shin. Execution clip analysis of pass oning undertakings in distributed systems.IEEE Minutess on Computers, 445 ( 5 ) :572-579, May 1996. [ 20 ] T.S.Tia, Z.Deng, M.Shankar, M.Storch, J.Sun, L-C.Wu, and J.W.S.Liu. Probabilistic public presentation warrant for real-time undertakings with changing calculation times. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium, pages 164-173, May 1995. [ 21 ] T.Zhou, X. ( S. ) Hu, and E.H.M.Sha. A probabilistic public presentation metric for existent clip system design. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Hardware-Software Co-Design, pages 90-94, 1999.AppendixIn this chapter we present the timing diagrams of the agendas provided by some real-time programming algorithms, viz. the earliest deadline foremost, the rate-monotonic and least laxness foremost algorithms, on given sets of undertakings. The timing diagram of undertaking t1 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t2 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t3 before scheduling Sing a system dwelling of three undertakings and that have the repeat periods, calculation times, first supplication times and deadlines are defined in above tabular array. The undertakings are pre-emptive.Earliest Deadline First AlgorithmAs presented in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings Set defined in Table 3 is non EDF-schedulable, because while the executing of the first supplication of the undertaking t2 is non finished yet ; the new supplication of the undertaking arrives. In other words, an overrun status happens. _ ?Rate Monotonic AlgorithmAs shown in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in above tabular array is non RM-schedulable. The ground is that the deadline of the first supplication of the undertaking t3 is missed. The executing of the first supplication is required to be finished by clip 6, but the agenda could non do it.Least Laxity First AlgorithmBelow nowadayss a part of the timing diagram of the agenda provided by the least laxness foremost algorithm on the undertakings set defined in above tabular array. As shown in the, the deadline of the 3rd supplication of the undertaking t1 can non be met. we conclude that the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in tabular array is non LLFschedulable.

An Open Letter to Ninth Graders

I am one of the co-editors of What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? —a 2006 collection of essays that focuses on the difference between high school writing and college-level writing. Because of my work on that book, I’ve spent a great deal of time in the last five years thinking about what students need to make the transition from high school to college. Many studies and reports in recent years have argued that there’s an important â€Å"expectations gap† between the skills students are typically bringing to college and what college teachers like me think students should be bringing with them to college. This letter is an attempt to state those expectations clearly, at least from my perspective. I offer you my advice and encouragement as you embark on your high school career because I think there’s a lot that you can do on your own to get ready for college. A good place to start is with some advice from Stephen Covey’s book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: â€Å"Begin with the end in mind. † I am advising you to set clear and specific long-term goals for yourself and then work incrementally over a period of time to meet them. I would like to provide you here with a number of specific goals that you can work toward over the next four years. Let’s begin with perhaps the most fundamental of all college-readiness skills— reading. Reading Reading comprehension, as measured by standardized tests like the SAT and the ACT, is certainly an essential college-level skill. Students in college are required to read an enormous amount of material across a formidable range of disciplines, and college students must be able to understand and engage with this material thoughtfully. Reading is a foundational skill that makes success possible in virtually all areas of your college education. Strong reading comprehension skills, though, do not in themselves guarantee that you are ready for college. The best college students I’ve worked with over the years have had a number of other reading-related strengths in addition to strong comprehension skills, and I would like to briefly outline them for you here. Remember, you have four years to work on these. Students who are ready for college like to read. If you don’t like to read, you are going to find college very difficult. Students who are ready for college have read some good books as well as some important books while they were in high school. I’m not suggesting that you need to follow any particular or prescriptive reading list, like the one that literary critic E. D. Hirsch includes, for example, in Cultural Literacy. But a high school student who is ready for college should have some sense of our shared intellectual and cultural history, as well as at least some exposure to work outside the Western cultural tradition. A high school student who is ready for college should be able to recognize and respond in some thoughtful way to, say, a reference in a lecture toKing Lear. Ideally, a student ready for college would have some visceral sense of what Lear feels like as a dramatic experience and as a point of reference in our common heritage. The same can be said about the book of Job, Toni Morrison’sThe Bluest Eye, Cervantes’s Don Quixote, Willa Cather’s My Antonia, Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, and Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Memory, among others. Students who are ready for college read for pleasure. Reading is not something that a student who is ready for college always associates with â€Å"work,† â€Å"discomfort,† â€Å"inconvenience,† or â€Å"pain. † Students who are ready for college enjoy reading. Being able to enjoy reading is often the result of a long engagement with books and the written word that cannot be replaced by â€Å"cramming† or taking special college preparatory classes. The students whom I have found to be most ready for college have loved books and loved to read. If you don’t love to read, you will probably be confused and frustrated while at college. Reading is perhaps the most paradigmatic activity of a liberal arts education. It is where learning begins at college. You have four years to learn to love to read. Writing Strong writing skills are, of course, essential to college success. As a longtime composition instructor, I know that there are many things that high school students can do to become strong writers. First of all, you should expect any piece of serious writing to require considerable effort. Students who are ready for college routinely plan to produce multiple drafts of essays; expect to read and reread assigned texts; expect to think and rethink key ideas they are exploring in their essays; and routinely ask friends, family members, tutors, and professors for feedback about their work. High school students who are ready for college know that good writing does not get produced without considerable effort, and they are willing to make that effort. Most of the time they do such work enthusiastically. Students who are ready for college come to college interested in learning how to become better writers. Many of the most problematic students I’ve encountered in my teaching career come to college unable or unwilling to believe that they have anything left to learn as writers. (I’ve been writing seriously now for about thirty years, and I’m still actively looking for ways to become a better writer. ) Students should come to college with the understanding that they have a great deal to gain from listening to their professors as they discuss and evaluate their written work. In fact, students who are ready for college understand that this is where much of the most important learning in college takes place. A whole range of behavioral and attitudinal qualities are also essential to anyone who hopes to be a successful college-level writer. English professor Kathleen McCormick described these qualities memorably in an online exchange among contributors to What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? Commenting on an essay by Kim Nelson—a student whose contribution to the volume described the process of completing a college-level essay on J. R. R. Tolkien—McCormick wrote, Let’s begin by listing many of the skills with which Kim entered college. I think they should be divided into two types: behavior skills and writing skills. Behavioral skills are not exclusive to college-level writing, but without them, it is hard to achieve anything, and they are skills that few of us articulate as explicitly as Kim does, so I think they deserve to be underscored: Work through â€Å"panic† and refuse to procrastinate. Pace yourself to work on assignments for an extended period of time. Find others to help you (parents, teachers, friends at dinner, tutors at the writing center). Recognize that a critique by a professor, while initially disheartening, is helpful. Initiate repeated visits to the professor. Value intellectual work and collaboration and validation more than the grade. Brainstorm in note form. â€Å"Bang out† an outline and critique it. Choose quotations. Develop a thesis. Transfer writing skills learned in high school to the college situation. Maintain sensitivity to language use. Reread texts you plan to write about; underline. Do library research. Listen to multiple levels of textual analysis. Rewrite and revise your thesis and writing. Thinking I would advise you to seek out classes and learning experiences that challenge you. Research is beginning to show us that the brain responds in very powerful and positive ways to cognitive challenges. Don’t limit yourself to subjects or activities that are familiar or easy. Students who are ready for college bring with them a curiosity about ideas and an interest in encountering new ways of looking at the world. In fact, one of the reasons they come to college in the first place is to expand their minds, to encounter new ideas and perspectives, and to grow. High school students who are ready for college have genuine curiosity about the world and the people in it. Do you? Listening Listening is a vastly undervalued and underappreciated skill in our culture. Strong listening skills (and the patience and empathy that make listening possible) will be enormously valuable to you in all areas of your life, in college and beyond. Listening skills will certainly help you move toward a more open and welcoming engagement with the world and with others. Strong listening skills also make possible healthy, positive, respectful human relationships. Much of college success depends on establishing strong working relationships with professors, college staff, and fellow students. Such relationships are built, of course, with strong listening skills. Students who are unable to listen are typically unable to learn, for all the obvious reasons. Good listeners bring to any interaction with others a number of important qualities, including patience, empathy, personal generosity, emotional intelligence, and respect for others. Good listeners are also able to suspend an interest in themselves and focus instead in respectful ways on what others think and feel. Students who are ready for college have done some of the important personal work that makes this possible. Listening is a skill, like many others, that improves with practice, and one can become a better listener simply by endeavoring to be one. â€Å"Grit† â€Å"Grit† is another quality that is vitally important for college readiness. Researchers who use this term suggest that it includes self-discipline, perseverance, and passion. As psychologists Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman note in their recent essay â€Å"Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents,† grit appears to be at least as important to academic success as IQ or â€Å"smarts. † In fact, all high school students should hear what Duckworth and Seligman have to say about self-discipline: Underachievement among American youth is often blamed on inadequate teachers, boring textbooks, and large class sizes. We suggest another reason for students falling short of their intellectual potential: their failure to exercise self-discipline. . . . We believe that many of America’s children have trouble making choices that require them to sacrifice short-term pleasure for long-term gain, and that programs that build self-discipline may be the royal road to building academic achievement. Any student is capable of bringing a quality of joyfulness to their work at college, and the same can be said for the qualities of selfdiscipline, perseverance, and passion. Without these qualities, students can only be considered ready to be bored, lost, angry, or confused at college. Attitude Toward College Drinking, socializing, and taking reckless advantage of â€Å"freedom† on campus lead many students to squander their time at college. I’ve seen many young men and women trapped in a protracted adolescence that often lasts well into their late teens, early twenties, and beyond. As teachers, we want students to have a youthful spirit (however old they may be), but we also want them to bring maturity to the college enterprise. Some students, usually as a result of difficult life experience, arrive at college with such maturity. But many do not. In my experience, mature students are often able to engage with college in very productive ways. Those who do not bring such maturity, however, typically cannot. Such students often find themselves confused or angry or without any real direction. You also need to understand that the chance to attend college is an opportunity of incalculable value. Because many students take this opportunity for granted, I recommend that community service be a required part of every high school student’s preparation for college. Community service is an excellent way for you to begin building a balanced and mature perspective on life. Such a perspective will be invaluable to you when you attend college. Determining Readiness I have developed a checklist of the college-readiness skills described in this article. You can use this practical document to track your progress in high school and ensure that you are ready for college by the time you graduate. Visit here to view and print the checklist. Remember: you have four years to develop the skills that you will need to succeed in college. Patrick Sullivan teaches English at Manchester Community College in Connecticut. He is the editor, with Howard Tinberg, of What Is â€Å"College-Level† Writing? Reading Comprehension questions: Answer the questions below using evidence from the text in your responses where aplicable. Each response should be no less then four sentences.

Analysis of Credit Card Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Credit Card Debt - Essay Example How much of the minimum payment goes towards interest? How much of the minimum payment goes towards the principal? If you do not want to share an actual balance or do not have a credit card, calculate these amounts using an imaginary credit card balance. Now, examine the terms of one of your credit cards or other revolving debt. Are there other charges that the credit card company is applying to your account? Are you receiving a special rate for a limited time? Does your card charge an annual service charge or an inactivity fee? Examine a credit card bill (or other revolving debt) and see how long it will take to pay off your debt if you paid only the minimum payments (you can also use an online calculator like the one at http://www.bankrate.com/calculators/managing-debt/minimum-payment-calculator.aspx What steps could you take to pay off this credit card (or debt) sooner? Determine the percentage of the principal that you need to pay down in order to pay off the credit card in the time frame of your choosing. Many Americans find themselves amassing large amounts of credit card (or other revolving) debt at an early age. What advice concerning the use of credit cards and the fees they charge would you provide to a young adult planning on getting a credit card? One needs to understand the fundamentals of the above calculation method. The credit card debt is revolving debt. Minimum monthly payment will not reduce it to zero. It means that one will be paying interest on interest. An example: $29.50. In month 2 interests were calculated on this amount. Interest will be calculated on the same amount in month 3. This is called revolving debt. It happens when the debt is not paid in full. Credit card debt is revolving

Economic Policy and Personal Decisions Research Paper

Economic Policy and Personal Decisions - Research Paper Example In the long run equilibrium, the economic growth is dependent on three factors the growth in labour force, amount of capital available to the workforce, and the rate of technological advance. If we consider, an economy where the aggregate demand is due to an increase in spending, Cashell observes that this demand can be satisfied by either raising the prices or increasing real production. If the economy is operating at full employment, and the stock is at full capacity then an increase in demand is met by an increase in the prices of available goods and services. Cashell states that, for a fully employed economy, increased government spending does yield an increase in the nominal GDP (2005). Let us consider the wage. This forms a main element of cost in the economy of any country. A higher wage rate does translate into a higher cost this means a less profit will be incurred at any given price. A squeezed profit for any company means a cut back on production. A wage increase in any ec onomy would mean a decrease in the number of goods and services supplied at a constant price. During a recession, the economy is a short-run equilibrium. In such an environment, it is difficult for the wages to be increased; however, this can be counteracted by a fall in prices, and thus the recessional gap can be seen as shrinking. This led the economy to equilibrium at full employment. Cashell concludes that if wages and prices fall unusually slowly then it is possible for the economy to endure a prolonged period of production below potential GDP (2005).

Management Strategies - impression management (IM) Essay

Management Strategies - impression management (IM) - Essay Example IM is also used when an individual wishes to maintain and create a specific identity. Often, an individual achieves the goal by exhibiting certain behaviors, both non-verbal and verbal, which causes others to view the individual as desired. Existing research about IM reveals that, it is a dynamic process, which occurs incessantly during interpersonal interactions (Merkl-Davies & Brennan 2007, p120). As people interact with others, they establish signals or cues that indicate how other people perceive them. Therefore, the underlying assumption of this study is to discuss the impression management strategies for performance management in both bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations. According to Kaplan & Fisher (2009, p320), impression management is a goal-directed behavior in bureaucratic organizations. For instance, most job candidates engage into some forms of deceptive such as personality assessment to succeed in the interview process. Although deception is an issue affecting both bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizations, the truth of the matter is that many employees continue to use it to further their goals with the organizations. A research by Harris, Gallagher & Rossi (2013, p171) reveals that, most employees who engage into deception often gain organizations benefits such as promotions. In some instances, an employee may impress his/her supervisor by the fact that, he has a strong work background in the immediate field. In other instance, an employee may provide untrue information about his personality.

Complex project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Complex project management - Essay Example Thus, in order to attain greater success in terms of completing the construction of a new hotel project in Oman will require the structuring of an appropriate plan based on which all the materialistic and financial resources requirements will be taken into concern (Aikins & et. al., 2014). The primary stage of this new hotel construction project in Oman will focus on evaluating and understanding all the governmental requisites and registration procedures that will be required for moving forward the entire plan. Taking reference of the hierarchical governmental structure prevailing in Oman, it can be stated that the nation takes into concern the fulfilment of a variety of permissible requisites before authorizing any such tourism and hospitality sector development based plan (Sultanate of Oman Ministry of Tourism, 2010). Depending on all these aspects, this new hotel construction project will have to attain its primary registration from the ‘Ministry of Tourism (MOT)’, which in turn will consider the decisions made by the following other governmental departments: In addition, the integrated form of decisions that will be made by the aforesaid governmental departments will be completely based upon the guidelines as mentioned in the ‘Royal Decree No. 65/2007 (Article 3).’ Likewise, the project development team will also have to abide by all the provided guidelines, which are specifically meant to guide them through each phase of the hotel construction including the design and the quality standards. As far as the legal aspects are concerned, it can be stated that within Oman, the Ministry of Tourism is completely accountable for approving such projects against all legal obligations. Regardless of these, the project will also need to adhere certain legalised acts and contracts based upon which, the environmental and societal impacts of such hotel construction projects will be

Symbolic Interactionism Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolic Interactionism Theory - Term Paper Example Since, it encompasses people inhabiting certain global fragments who have attached numerous interpretations to their environment. Additionally, it argues that an individual’s perception is a reflection of fellow people’s appraisals whose basis lies in the already constructed interpretation (Jeon 254). The concept stresses the essence of words that human normally apply while describing conduct of fellow individuals and in relation to their inhabitancy. For instance, a rapist may shield himself by arguing that some women (hitchhikers) cannot claimto be a casualty of rape. Since, she asked for it while the motorist was not even aware of their presence until they waved the car to a halt to inquire for lift. Horton C. C. and George H. Mead were the pioneers of this conception, which emerged during the onset of 20Th century (Aldiabat & Carole-Lynne 1069). Primarily, this theory entails interpretation of aspects amid few opposite parties aimed at enhancing their interaction in a communal setting. Strengths The theory does not entail complex criterion that comprises rules governing varied symbol interpretations (Jeon 249). Since, one’s capability of communicating effectively and understand diverse symbols or objects in his social environment depends on  one's aptitude to mingle with others. This strengths the society because people emanating from a similar region normally hold on to identical interpretations about varied aspects that enhance their relations and makes them exceptional (Aldiabat & Carole-Lynne 1065). In addition, it is easy to transmit information because the recipient only interprets previously known objects’ meaning in the mind, which the communicator refers. Symbolic Interactionism in some incidences may not require talking, where a person through gestures is capable passing the message as necessitated. Weaknesses The theory is a challenge especially in numerous incidences, where one cannot exactly fathom whether the inte rpreter is reacting to stereotype or is natural. Since environment in which one resides determines general interpretation of a send signal, which may be due to information held towards a certain symbol or people. This concept has no way of having a clear â€Å"control group† because socialization of an individual may have a significant impact from birth. Hence, implying that what one esteems and comprehends regarding a certain aspect will remain and no external impact of the societal fabric would create a diverse, significant consequence. Critics argue that the concept is an outline of theories. Hence, implying in its application and study lacks basis because due to other concepts inclusion, hence serve a central role in its structure. This makes the theory incapable of handling social structures and related aspects especially those that are macro. Symbolic Interactionism tends to be limited within a region where its interpretations abound while derailing the external relatio ns, hence seclusion of people. Theory Application One morning while in the 11Th grade and during a Math’s session, the teacher (Amos) after reviewing previous lesson’s content informed us that will have slight exercise to awaken the minds. In his hand, Amos had a work sheet that he kept on referring while instructing the class. The exercise meant to prepare us for the next topic, where each received a

Everyday life challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everyday life challenges - Essay Example These challenges are usually defined by the surrounding environment. Some of the common challenges I face are correlated with my emotions, family issues, work environment, economic issues, religious issues and the physical environment (Dean 44). For example, family issues such as sibling rivalry and hatred within the family interferes with the family relationships. This can also affect other members of the family especially when the siblings are not minors. Most of the time is usually spent on trying to resolve such duels. My personal emotions also affect my general outlook. This is normally depicted on a daily basis. In conclusion, I have become a victim of drug abuse and violence based on the numerous challenges, which I face as an individual. On several occasions, I have learnt that harboring an optimistic attitude is the best technique to ensure that I can cope with my everyday challenges (Dean 34). Also, engaging in leisure ensures that I am able to relax after work. Some of the leisure activities I engage in include playing games, swimming and reading magazines. These leisure activities enhance relaxation hence; avoiding daily

Faith and Health Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 25000 words

Faith and Health - Thesis Example with the health of the individuals during the contemporary era, where the diagnosis and spread of fatal diseases in almost all regions of the globe have created grave challenges for the political, social and cultural authorities on the one side, and for the people associated with the fields and professions of religious services on the other. Since the mental and physical well-being is one of the most dominant aspects of individual and collective life of the people, which is imperatively essential for performing their personal and professional duties and obligations in an effective manner, health and fitness of the clergy is particularly necessary for the religious guidance and spiritual uplift of the entire society. The following hypothesis has been developed for the present study: Superior healthcare measures being adopted and exercised within a social establishment for the mental and physical well-being of the clergy turns out to be highly supportive ones in respect of their rendering religious services to society in a better and more effective manner The present research has been supported with the Social Organism Theory by Spencer (1857) and Theory of Religion by Durkheim (1912); both of these perspectives maintain direct association with the topic selected for this study. The study will be conducted in North-East Mississippi Region, where the pastors, church ministers and other members of church administration will be the universe for the present research. The data for this study will be gathered on the basis of probability sampling. Questionnaire and Content Analysis will be applied as the tools for data collection in the present study. At the end, the research findings will be arrayed, and interpretation will be made in the light of the findings. The research findings will be presented with the help of tables and graphs in a precise and organized manner for the comfort and convenience of the readers. Religion is rightly claimed to be an essential part of

War Photographer Essay Example for Free

War Photographer Essay The poet creates a gloomy and depressing mood, which is evident through the language used throughout the poem, and the vivid imagery that the poet creates in our minds. These aspects help to express the theme of the poem, which is the cruelty of war and human suffering. Firstly, the poet uses language to bring out the overall glum mood of the poem. In the first stanza, cumulative listing is used with the line â€Å"Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh. † This overwhelms the reader with the immense number of places where war is common, bringing about a sense of gloominess and wide spread depression. Furthermore, by using the phrase â€Å"Something is happening†, the poet captivates our interest by creating a mood of suspense, such that the readers will predict that something bad is imminent, contributing to the depressing mood of the poem. The phrase â€Å"hands which did not tremble then though seem to now† depicts that the dark scene of war was able to inflict fear into the heart of a strong hearted man, showing the cruelty of war and what it can cause. Therefore, the language used in this poem helps to bring out the glum mood of the poem, mainly by captivating the readers and forcing them into thinking that something bad is going to happen next. Secondly, the poet uses vivid imagery to create a depressing and dark mood throughout the poem. In the first stanza, the phrase â€Å"darkroom he is finally alone† paints a picture depicting the depressing feel of war, when the world is dark and devoid of happiness, and the photographer being â€Å"finally† alone tells us that he himself is glad to be away from the suffering in war, which brings out the gloomy mood of the poem. The â€Å"red† light symbolize the blood shed during war, and the phrase â€Å"all flesh is grass† tells us that with all the explosions and firing going on during the war, the flesh of dead soldiers has become as common a sight to see as the grass growing around us. In the second stanza, the phrase â€Å"fields which don’t explode beneath the feet of running children in a nightmare heat† explicitly describes a scene of war, with landmines exploding, and that this has become such a common sight to see for the photographer that he is glad to be away from all the depression. The sight of running children accidently running into a minefield and blowing up shows us the nightmare that war causes, and causes the reader to be worried for the children, for their next step might be their last. In the beginning of the third stanza, â€Å"faintly start†¦ half- formed ghost† immediately brings out a dark mood as ghosts are associated with souls who have unfinished business after their untimely death. The â€Å"cries of this man’s wife† shows us the sorrow in her heart brought about by her husband’s death, which is affirmed by â€Å"blood stained into foreign dust†, depicting that the soldier had died fighting. The fact that the photographer thought of his work as â€Å"what someone must [do]† tells us that he does not enjoy what he is doing, but thinks of it as a necessity, thus exemplifying the gloomy mood of the poem as readers will pity him for what he has to do, despite not wanting to. The phrase â€Å"hundred agonies in black-and-white† refers to the hundreds of soldiers who have died during the war, bring about a sense of sorrow and depression, and the image of the many lives lost during war further contributes to the depressing feel of the poem, brought about by immense human suffering. Therefore, by using vivid imagery, the poet is able to make the readers envision the scene of war, and in the process create a depressing and gloomy mood. In conclusion, through the use of language and vivid imagery, the poet creates a gloomy and depressing mood throughout the poem to bring about the sorrow of human suffering and clearly indicate the cruelty of war and the drastic effects it has on many.

Benefits of Sports Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Sports Essay Sports serve as an excellent physical exercise. Those who play sports have a more positive body image than those who do not. Sports often involve physical activities like running, jumping, stretching and moving about which turn out to be a good body workout. Playing sports is energy put to good use. Engaging in sports since an early age strengthens your bones and muscles and tones your body. It helps you increase your stamina and endurance. Sports that involve jumping and stretching help increase height; for example basketball. Games that involve running, kicking or throwing a ball help strengthen the arms and legs; for example soccer and cricket. Swimming provides a full body workout. Thus sports provide the body with complete exercise and engaging in sports directly translates into overall fitness. Research shows that sports improve Math skills in children. Sports that involve aiming and hitting skills, for example, tennis, badminton, baseball and cricket help them increase focus. They help develop leadership qualities and foster team spirit in kids. They involve competition; they involve winning and losing. This exposes children to both aspects of life, successes and failures. Sports build a competitive spirit in children and teach them to be participative irrespective of whether the result is victory or defeat. Playing sports teaches them to accept both successes and failures with a positive spirit. Sports teach you to think with a cool head. The most important benefit of sports is the sportsman spirit they inculcate. Sports help you become more sporting, more positive and stronger. Playing sports is very beneficial for the development of social skills. Sports teach you to interact with people, communicate with them and collaborate as a team. Sports foster collective thinking and harness your planning and delegation skills too. Sports build confidence. Winning a game gives you a sense of accomplishment, which boosts your confidence further. Playing sports involves directed thinking. It requires you to strategize. You need to devise ways to score goals, runs or earn points, as the case may be. You need to devise strategies to win, you need to decide whether to take an offensive stand or a defensive one. You need to judge your opponents strategy and modify yours accordingly. This definitely involves clever thinking, which sports encourage. Studies show that kids who play sports regularly fare well in academics and do well in school. Sports make you happy. I know anyone would agree with this. Jumping about, running around, racing to get ahead, hitting, throwing, bouncing, kicking (the ball, I mean! ), shouting, clapping, cheering, falling and standing up again all a part of playing sports. And there is no match to the happiness this brings. They give you the high by increasing the production of endorphins in the brain. In other words, sports are a form of exercise which generates happiness molecules in your body, thus restoring your mental health. Playing sports, you cant be sad. In fact, they bust the sorrow and the stress. Sports generate a positive energy in you, around you. When sports are played at the state or national level, they increase the players sense of belonging to their community or country. International sports events foster patriotism and a feeling of oneness among the team members of a country. Playing sports at these levels opens many employment avenues for not only sportsmen and women but also people who join tournaments as volunteers, cheerleaders or in the capacity of sports doctors and physical therapists. As developments are undertaken in cities hosting sports events, sports can lead to urbanization of rural areas. Many cities have started becoming hubs for sports tourism. Sports parks are being developed in many tourist destinations. It is the increasing inclination for playing sports which is responsible for such developments. Playing sports reduces several health risks. As sports serve as an excellent form of exercise, it wont come as a surprise that they offer health benefits like lowering blood pressure, maintaining blood sugar and cholesterol levels and reducing other health risks. Yes, if you are playing a sport regularly, you are at a lesser risk of developing diabetes or heart diseases. Playing sports reduces the risk of hypertension and several other stress-related disorders. Research shows that people who play sports regularly can deal with stresses and strains in a better way. Those who engage in sports activities are less prone to depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders. Physical Health Benefits The fact is quite evident that playing any sport makes a person energetic. Team sports, at times, benefit more than solo ones because a person is always happy to play them with ten other people having a similar way of thinking. A team sport keeps health problems at bay. They provide you with the necessary exercise and endurance to maintain a healthy body. It keeps your body in shape and saves you from problems such as obesity, high blood pressure, heart diseases and weak bones. Women should specially take active part in team sports as it keeps their monthly cycles regulated and prevents them from all the gynecological problems. Research reveals that 60% of the women who play team sports are prevented from breast cancer. On the other hand, kids in a growing age get used to torn knees and injuries and thus do not become susceptible to it. It helps them develop strong muscles and a good physique. People who are above the age of 55 years should also actively participate in team sports. It keeps them fit when it is most needed. Social Benefits As Aristotle says, Man is a social animal, it is clear that a person needs a company of other people one day or the other. He cannot survive alone. Team sports help the man to become socially interactive. The more he communicates, the more he comprehends. The basic quality of understanding each other develops when a person begins to talk and listen. Team sports help to construct better friendships. Often, it is observed that a team which plays together, stays together! The team spends a lot of time discussing new ideas, opinions and methods with each other. This makes them bond well and add to the team spirit. Moral and Emotional Benefits Every individual has an ego that is hidden inside him and which pops up as a devil most of the time! One of the best things about playing a team sport is that it kills the ego and converts it into self respect. It is said that, while talking is very important, listening is even more important when you belong to a group. Team sports help develop the quality of listening to each other. We must agree to the fact that speech is silver but silence is golden! On the other hand, team sports build a good self-esteem in individuals. It helps you overcome your fears and mental blockages. It gives you the freedom to experiment and express. It is proven that children who play team sports are healthier and happier. They overcome their complexes with the help of the sport they play. Apart from this, leadership, support and acceptance are three such disciplines everyone needs to imbibe. Team sports make you a good leader. They teach you that a leader is not the boss but a considerate person who takes into account each persons say. They also teach you to accept failures and victory in the same spirit. Children, in the growing age, tend to believe that participation is far more important than victory. The knowledge that you gain, the values that you learn from your mistakes make you a better citizen and a humble individual. They keep you grounded. Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/benefits-of-team-sports. html Sports boost self-esteem. Watching your hard work pay off and achieving your dreams brings about tons of self-confidence. If you can achieve something in a sport or with a fitness goal, then you know you can achieve any other goal you set. This is a very rewarding and exiting process. Playing a sport cuts down on pressure and stress. Exercising is a natural way to loosen up and let go of stress. Also, you will most likely make many new friends on the team who can be there for you as a support system. When you find you are having a lot of stress, you can call up team mates and head to the gym to talk it out and play it out.