The relationship between space and time in language Essay

The relationship between space and time in language - Essay Example We suggest that there is no direct interdependency between these terms, because they are defined by exact contextual environments and are clearly differentiated from one another in the natural environments. On the basis of modern studies and studies on temporal and spatial representations of previous years, we have examined linguistic basis to prove the fact of a co-existence of spatial and temporal relationships. Moreover, considerations from cognitive science, psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics are also relevant to further differentiation between spatial and temporal relationships. The spatial basis of temporal terms has been often supported by the majority of scientists and researchers (Cantor & Thomas, 2007; Clark, 1994; Levinson, 2003). This study opposes to the generally accepted methodological paradigm and it is claimed that there spatial/temporal terms chosen above are independent terms with complete semantics. Moreover, there is no need to investigate a temporal or spati al basis of these terms, because initially spatial domain is perceived as concrete and temporal domain is known as the abstract one. Therefore, we can suppose that â€Å"terms denoting space are concrete objects and the terms denoting time are abstract events† (Tenbrink, 2006). ... nt to investigate a possibility to identify definite limits between time and spatial relationships or it is relevant to talk about the existence and prevalence of spatiotemporal relationship. 2.0 Background Basing on the idea that human perception of time is related to space conceptualization is an unquestionable claim. It has been always underlined that time representation depends on space. In accordance with findings of psychological studies, it has been always claimed that it is natural of children to mix up spatial and temporal relationship (Clark, 1994). Clark (1994) was the first who claimed that â€Å"temporal language is based on spatial language and that English relational temporal prepositions are based on front and back† (Clark, 1994). Clark talked about â€Å"moving time† metaphor and â€Å"moving ego† metaphor and underlined that, for example, before is derived from in front of and after is derived from in back of, i.e. he correlates these two terms with â€Å"moving time† metaphor (Clark, 1994). Nevertheless, it is worth remembering that there is no one basic conceptual metaphor defining further metaphorical representations of a certain domain. A consistent basis of a metaphor has been often underlined by Lakoff and Johnson (1999). Therefore, it is necessary to underline that representations of concepts in metaphorical language is also possible outside this language, or in other words is possible in an independent manner. Still, there is a need to talk about the following peculiarities of metaphorical representations: metaphors are compatible with different domains though they do not have a scope covering different aspects of one domain and thus do not embrace the whole target concept. From another perspective, it is suggested by Habel & Eschenbach (1997)

To maintain a commitment to professionalism Essay Example for Free

To maintain a commitment to professionalism Essay As a teacher of young children I am aware of my disposition at all times. Being professional is very important in a child care setting. One of my roles is to serve as a positive role model to the children in my child care. I dress appropriately to work effectively with young children. My co-worker and I wear scrub tops, except in summer when hot out. The scrub tops we wear have Disney characters on them, and the kids love them. I am knowledgeable of my profession, and I respect the children, parents and my co-workers. These attributes show my competence in meeting Standard VI. Professionalism- I truly enjoy working with young children in a group setting, and demonstrate a positive attitude in my role. I always come to work with a smile on my face and a bounce in my step. I talk to children, and play with them every day. Children are the light of my life, and it sure shines brightly when they are around. I also take advantage of opportunities to grow professionally by attending workshops, in-service trainings offered by The Child Resource Network to gain knowledge that will help me to become a better teacher of young children. This professional development training also keeps me up-to-date with the latest knowledge and trends in the child care field. I also follow regulations set forth by the state of Indiana to ensure that I am providing the best quality service to children and their families. CS VI a- I decided to work with children when my granddaughter Marley was a year old. At the time I was working for a company CDC for mentally disabled adults. I worked for the company for six years. I dedicated my life to that company. I got blamed for another Susan’s abuse of a consumer. I was told that my job was on line. When they found out it wasn’t me, I was told it would still be in my file. I gave them a 3-4 weeks’ notice and quit. I decided I would not have anyone tell me I abused a consumer when I loved them all like they was my family. I have a handicapped nephew and a niece with cerbal palsy. I thought this is the perfect time to start a daycare, and get to spend all the time in the world with my granddaughter. I couldn’t have choose a better job. I love children, and I was only allowed to have one child. My doctor wanted me to abort with my pregnancy, because I had epilepsy. CS VI b- Keeping a clean center and maintaining equipment. Keeping paper work organized and in the appropriate  places is very important. Positive attitude and positive role model to the children.

Metal Casting Process

Metal Casting Process Materials and Design Pressure Die Casting Process Executive Summary Since the discovery of the earths minerals, metal casting process has played an important role in society. An integral part of every technological advance, castings have allowed us to build equipment to feed our people, fight for democracy, build infrastructure and manufacture cars, trains and airplanes. In general, castings have been and will continue to be the key ingredient in the recipe for a better way of life. There are various types of casting process, such as sand-casting, permanent-mould casting, investment casting and die-casting. Due to the words limitation, in this investigative study, only the development, technical challenges, recent findings, future direction, range of applications and shortcomings of pressure die-casting process will be discussed. Introduction Pressure Die-casting is similar to permanent mold casting except that the metal is injected into the mold under high pressure of 7-350Mpa (1,000-50,000) psi. This high pressure will not be removed till the solidification is finished. It is called die-casting, because the molds in this casting operation are called dies. Metal is forced into the die cavity by the pressure is the most notable feature that shows this process is different from others in the casting category (Long et al., 2008). In this technique, the mould will not be destroyed after each cast but is permanent, being made of a metal such as cast iron or steel. There are two types of pressure die casting processes, High pressure die casting and low pressure casting. High pressure die casting is the most widely used, representing about 50% of all light alloys casting production. Low pressure die casting currently accounts for about 20% of production and its use is increasing. Rests are gravity die casting, vacuum die casting and squeeze casting process (AZOM, 2008). Literature Review High pressure die casting process In high pressure die casting process, the liquid metal is injected at high speed and high pressure into a metal mould. A schematic view of high pressure die casting is given in Figure 1. Above equipment contains two vertical platens on which bolsters are located which hold the die halves. One of the platen is fixed and the other can move to open and close the die. A measured amount of metal is poured into the shot sleeve and then introduced into the mould cavity using a hydraulically-driven piston. Once the metal has solidified, the die is opened and the casting removed (AZOM, 2008). For high pressure die casting process, special precaution must be considered to avoid too much gas inclusions which cause blistering during the subsequent heat treatment or wielding of the casting product. Since the casting machine and its dies are quite costly, only high-volume production will use the pressure die casting process for economical reason (AZOM, 2008). Low pressure die casting In Figure 2, the die is filled from a pressurised crucible below. Low-pressure die casting is especially suited to the production of components that are symmetric about an axis of rotation. Light automotive wheels are normally manufactured by this technique (AZOM, 2008). Benefits of the process development Over the last three years the biggest improvement of die casting process is the development of material property data and interfacial hear transfer coefficients. Material property thermal data is the essential part of any simulation program, which has been developed for various mold materials, feeding system and metal alloys, such as aluminum, steel and compacted graphite iron. Furthermore, the work done to understand the fluid mechanics of filters is another development of the die casting process, which include the developed pressure drop data for pressed, extruded and reticulated foam filters and these data is easily available in the industry literature (ALLBUSINESS, 2008). There are types of the casting defects occur during production of pressure die casting process such as insufficient pouring, cooling separated, crack and shrink. They are formed in the mold filling and solidification processes, which contributed to the final casting performance. The processes of mold filling and solidification are developed in time sequence while the casting defects are forming, which can be reflected by its numerical simulation in order to predict the locations of the casting defects (Minaie and Voller, 1998). Numerical simulations of mold filling and solidification processes include numerical analysis, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, solidification theory, engineering mechanics, computer aid graph analysis etc. The mold filling process can be described very precisely and the reliable initial temperature field is provided for the next solidification process by using the advantage of numerical simulation on temperature and fluid fields, which benefits to elevate the simulation accuracy of solidification process. Numerical simulations of mold filling and solidification processes, which play the key function in the casting production, are the world known leading area, widening and promoting the development of casting subject by using the advance computer technology. And it also initiates a new way to improve the casting quality (Baicheng and Houfa, 1998). Technical Challenges Details The molten metal flow is the major issue that relates to the mold filling process, heat and mass transfer flow process at changeable temperature accompanied with heat loss and solidification. This process can be presented by the continuity and momentum equations. In addition, the energy balance equation can describe the heat exchange between the molten metal and the casting chamber. The consideration of position and movement of the free surface is the key for the calculation of unstable flow. Also, it is essential to deal with the boundary conditions of the free surface. There for, the mathematical equations can be expressed as follows [1], [2], [3], [4] and where à Ã‚  is the density and u is the velocity The numerical simulation is a non-linear instantaneous thermal analysis in the solidification process. The casting form changes gradually with the decreasing of temperature from liquid state to semi-solid and solid states, in which many physical process and phenomenon played an important role for the casting quality take place, and the temperature field of the casting varies with the time. Therefore, the shrinkage cavity and slack can be predicted with the numerical simulations of the filling and solidification processes (Laurent and Rigaunt, 1992). Range of Applications CAD/CAM/CAE is now as an essential part to keep pace with growing technology and demand for quality, low cost, precision and faster delivery in tool engineering. The followings are the few latest methods, which are being used today in die making industry: Scanning of product to be die cast. CAD/CAM (Computer added design and manufacturing) CAPP (computer added process planning) CAI (computer added inspection) 2D drawing to 3D modeling 3D model to 2D drawing Black-box designing (conceptual base designing) Analysis Simulation (stress, Strain, thermal analysis etc.) Analysis for Gate, runner, ejector pins and cooling line etc. NC data generation Rapid prototyping Concurrent engineering Pressure die casting process is widely used in resource producing company, such as world class Aluminum company Alcoa and NALCO, and copper alloy giant Kennecott. Drawbacks The formation of blow-holes in the die casting is a major drawback, which is resulting from the turbulence produced by the high velocity when the liquid metal alloy is injected. Another major drawback is inevitable shrinkage of the casting as it solidifies, and which is proportional to the temperature at which the alloy is injected. Though cheap to make, the poor quality of current die cast components therefore makes the use of finer quality alloys unfeasible (Moschini and Renzo, 1998). Recent finding Future direction In the world of computer simulation time, the pressure die casting process improvements move very fast in the foundry industry today, a lot has changed in the last few years, for example, three years ago the computers that industry companies using to process the die casting process simulation were based on Unix workstations, which was more than $30,000 and the only way to analyze the filling of a mold cavity was using NavierStokes equations, which was extremely slow. Nowadays, the personal computer (PC) conversion is finished, some of new machines can run 20-30 times faster than the one in three years ago. For example, a very complicated filling and solidification work that used to run days and days can be completed in one hour (ALLBUSINESS, 2008). The concurrent development of optimization techniques have been capitalized on and incorporated by the software companies into their programs. At first glance, this allows the user to let the computer help optimize such things as riser placement and size and chill locations. However it isnt hard to imagine that this is just the beginning, and that we are about to get on a journey in which die casting process simulation programs soon will perform what is unthinkable today (ALLBUSINESS, 2008). Conclusion Die casting molds tend to be expensive as they are made from hardened steel-also the cycle time for building these tend to be long. Also the stronger and harder metals such as iron and steel cannot be die-cast in the past. However, by the developing of the numerical simulations system and optimization techniques, these issues are no longer impede the pace of progress in the modern world. Numerical simulations and optimization techniques can help foster the success and viability of the foundry industry for many years to come. The more capability and accuracy that is built into our simulation tools, the better and more efficient casting can be produced. Reference ALLBUSINESS 2008, Solidifying castings future: process simulation software round-up, http://www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/fabricated-metal-product-manufacturing/244509-1.html [Accessed 2 May 2008] AZOM 2008, Aluminium Casting Techniques Sand Casting and Die Casting Processes, http://www.azom.com/work/gmQ9Dmtd0mw9jnoTHN6z_files/image008.gifimgrefurl [Accessed 2 May 2008] B. Minaie and V.R. Voller, Comprehensive numerical models for die casting process, Model. Cast. Weld. Processes IV (1998), pp. 513-525. J, M. Long, N. Deshpande, C. Ferguson, M. Kwok and H. Briggs, Materials and Design: Module 2 Introduction to Manufacturing Processes, Deakin University. 2008, pp. 229-230. L. Baicheng and S. Houfa, Progress in numerical simulation of solidification process of shaped casting, J. Mater. Sci. Techol. 11 (1995) (5), pp. 312-324. Moschini and Renzo 1998, Die casting process for producing high mechanical performance components via injection of a semiliquid metal alloy, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0513523.html [Accessed 2 May 2008] S.M. Xiong, F. Lau and W.B. Lee, Numerical methods to improve the computational efficiency of thermal analysis for the die casting process, J. Mater. Process Technol. 1-3 (2003), pp. 457-461. S.P.SHARMA 2008, Upgraded Technology and Application in Die Casting, http://www.creativecadcam.net/die-casting.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2008] V. Laurent and C. Rigaut, Experimental and numerical study of criteries functions for predicting microporosity in cast aluminum alloys, AFS Trans. 100 (1992), pp. 647-655.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Theme of Strength Through Unity -- Grapes Wrath

Theme of Strength Through Unity in The Grapes of Wrath The traditional human family represents a necessary transition between self and community. In the difficult era of the 1930's, the family's role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world rather than to provide a link with it. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessity. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the theme of strength through unity to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people. The journey of the Joad family west illustrates this as they depart a parched Oklahoma, arrive in a hostile California, and eventually settle in amongst others as unwelcome there as they are. With the return of Tom to the family in the beginning of the story, the Joad family is once again united, though at the same time we see them to be utterly isolated from other migrants. It is not until the loss of a proverbial "right-arm" of the family (Grandpa) that the family is first unified with others, the Wilsons. As their journey progresses, they lose more members and struggle through increasing hardships, but in each situation the two families act as one and persevere. Grandma follows her husband to the grave, Ivy Wilson's health degrades, Noah leaves the family he knows doesn’t truly love him, their cars continually break down, and their money is fast disappearing. Vehicles, food, and money are all shared, but with one family's loss the entire group benefits. The Joad family's experiences when they first arrive in California ar... ...n's baby is stillborn, signifying a terrible loss to the Joad family. Soon after, they come upon another family, and Rose of Sharon is able to use the milk meant for her dead child to help a sick, starving old man. What's more, Rose of Sharon used her own milk, something normally only for the family, signifying the absence of a traditional family, and instead a universal family of a common plight. Throughout the course of the story, roughly half of the Joad family dies or disappears, but by the end of the novel the Joads are in a desperate yet relatively comfortable position. This was because as they gave up their kin, they were welcomed into society as a whole. In this manner John Steinbeck uses the theme Unity leads to Survival to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people.

Internet Marketing in Business Essay

An effective ‘Marketing Mix’ including all 7 is a way of identifying a businesses achievements of marketing objectives, meeting customer needs, is balanced and consistent, creates a competitive advantage and matches corporate resources. The 7p’s include: product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence Product: This is first considered in the marketing mix as it all depends on it. This can be a physical product or a service that the corporation is offering to the public. The only way to have a good marketing strategy is by making sure that the ‘product’ is up to standard, promoting every quality part of that good or service. Bikroy promotes their products very effectively as they use picture to enhance the quality of the product itself. They also provide a range of products and service including clothes, accessories, shoes/sandals etc and it provided for men and women. They include brand and designer wear which shows that they have high quality in their product. Bikroy also sells a range of products matching famous celebrity’s outfits that customers would want to buy. Bikroy, online or in their online newspaper provides customers the latest fashion info and what not to wear giving them an advantage to promote their products. Price: This is the total amount a customer pays for the product. It is decided through a number of factors a product have to offer including material costs, product identity, competition, market share and the customer’s perceived value of the product. If other store/business have the same product on stock other businesses may decrease or increase their price for customer satisfaction. Their price for the products vary depending on the product – quality, brand etc. For the designer items it can be expensive, although Bikroy may provide same looking product without the brand name making it affordable. Place: Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often known as the distribution channel. The place can be situated as a physical store or as virtuals stores on the internet. Bikroy.com is rapidly becoming the market leader in the Bangladesh online. All the products are sold ONLINE and not located anywhere else where people can purchase Bikroy items. They does have a warehouse where all stocks are kept and together has a office located in Dhaka. Promotion: Is a way of communication that a business/organisation may use in the market place. It enables the marketer to a advertise the product or service being provided by them. Advertisement is a powerful tool that corporations uses to enhance their products/service to encourage buyers/customers. Promotion has four distinct elements made up of advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. As their business is purely based upon the internet everything is promoted through the World Wide Web on the website and off. They have promotion on other websites and also Bikroy has developed an application to allow customers to track particular products on its sites through their web browser, whatever websites they are looking at. Bikroy organisation communicates information about their product and service to potential customers by identifying customer details and sends them information through mail, post etc aiming to sell the products. Another advertising method Bikroy use s on their website is that they have added a page of feedback from customers which enables ‘public relation’ which is one of the promotion powerful element. People: It is appropriate to have people in the marketing of services as all people who directly or indirectly influence the perceied value of the product or service, inlcuding knowledge workers, employees, management of the business and also the consumers. People deliver services – they could be any mentioned. People promote and sell products and services. Are their employees, customers – their family and friends, and any other people associated with Bikroy.com. Employees are important to this strategy of marketing mix as in can be those who deliver the products to customers. So they have to polite, helpful and have the knowledge of the business for them to answer any questions provided by the customer. It can also be the employees that answer the phone when any customer calls for any queries. Bikroy.com also have employees updating their website and replying to emails and online comments on their feedback page. Bikroy employees has the knowledge, training and other as pect helping the business with marketing for their business. Bikroy customers are also people that help in them marketing of services as they spread the business information. Process: This is the procedures of activities which lead to an exchange of value. The process should include how customers are handled from first and last point of contact. Bikroy is determined to be number one in the online market. They have thought through their process and kept it clear and have made it customer satisfactory. Bikroy’s strategy consists of aims that has a well-defined process. Bikroy have control of their website, their information/images etc are presented without any doubt intelligibly promotional. Payments are all done through their website online as they are only an online business. Also they have a step-by-step information on how to use and buy off their website, they also have page on delivery information. Here they can track down on where shopping is, know how much is cost to deliver, know when to expect the delievery etc. Physical Evidence: It is the tangible form of the service – this can include how a customer is treated by a staff member, a train ticket, the length of time a customer has to wait for service or their product (depending on the business). A physical evidence is aproof for customer to measure whether he or she has recieved value. As Bikroy.com is an online company their customer has difficulty not knowing how for example a dress will feel, look on them. Bikroy therefore provides annual reports, articles, etc showing them that Bikroy products are worth the value. Bikroy helps customers with their products by giving them full information about the product.

Philosophy Plato Essay

A way of life not just a specialised and technical activity in about 387 BC, he attended The Academy  ­ lasted for a 1000 yrs. Socrates was only interested in  ­ ethics. While Plato was interested in  ­ ethics, metaphysics, politics, aesthetics, Mathematics Plato’s Allegory (story in which there is a fact & a true story) of the Cave Plato asks ; â€Å"What would happen if one of these prisoners were released from his chains, were forced to stand up, turn around (conversion) and walk with his eyes lifted up towards the light?† Eventually, he would be able to see the real object for and in itself ;  ­Lifting his eyes upward, he would find it easier to look at the stars at night Finally, he would look right at the SUN in its Natural position in the sky and ;  ­ Not at its Reflections from or through anything else How would the liberated prisoner feel about his previous life in the cave?  ­ He would recall what his fellow prisoners and himself took to be Wisdom.  ­ He would recall how they used to give prizes to the one who had the sharpest eye for assign shadows and the best memory for the order in which the shadows followed each other. â€Å"If they could lay hands on the man who was trying to set them free and lead them up, they would kill him†. The implications of the Allegory ; Many people dwell in the Darkness of the cave †¦ They have oriented their thoughts around the blurred world of Shadows †¦ Education  ­ leads people out of the cave of Darkness into the world of light. (Education means  ­ to bring out. (of the cave) ). Just as the prisoner had to turn his Whole Body around so that his eyes could see the light instead of the darkness. It is also necessary for the entire should to turn away from the deceptive world of change and appetite that causes blindness in the should. Education according to Plato is ; A matter of Conversion  ­ A complete turning around from the world of Appearance to the world of reality. † The conversion of the soul is not to put the power of sight in the soul’s eye, which already has it, but to insure that, instead of looking in the wrong direction, it is turned the way it ought to be†. Plato’s rejection for the sophist’ skepticism ; The dark world of the cave ( particular  ­ many  ­ change  ­ finite) , Vs the bright world of light ( light is knowledge for plato  ­ sun  ­ absolute  ­ one  ­ permanent / changeless  ­ infinity). Dramatic contrast between; 1) shadows > 2) reflections > 3) The actual objects (ultimate knowledge) (process of education ^) With the Sophists, Plato and Socrates agree that knowledge derived from Sense experience is Relative, but he maintains that ; Not all knowledge is relative  ­ therefore, Absolutism Plato’s Divided Line ; (top 2  ­ The world of thought  ­ changeless) (bottom 2  ­ The world of Opinion  ­ change) (The line that divides every stage is not equal, meaning that it is more difficult to reach from level 3 to level 4 than from level 1 to level 2). (Outside the Cave) (Objects of knowledge)

Megans Law essays

Megan's Law essays A Mediation of Two Different Views on Megans Law Next to murder, sex related crimes involving children are arguably some of the most heinous offenses. Convicted murderers face the death penalty or incarceration for life, thus protecting society from further harm. The question of how to deal with sex offenders once they have served their prison term is a highly debated topic. One solution, deemed Megans Law, is a piece of federal legislation that requires sex offenders to register with local authorities and notification is sent to the community where a sex offender plans to reside. The specifics are left to the state, but they generally inform the community of the offenders name, address, offense, place of employment or schooling, license plate number, and a photo or physical description of the person. Additionally, the community is discouraged against vigilantism and warned that crimes against the offender will be prosecuted. Representing both sides of the debate over the necessity of Megans Law are authors Bruce Fein and Jim Breig. They concur that sex-criminals released into society can pose a threat to the community but differ on the constitutional validity of the law and their solution to this problem. In his essay, Yes: Community Self-Defense Laws are Constitutionally Sound, Fein agrees there is a need for community self-defense laws and argues that they are constitutionally sound. Fein lists three main reasons for holding his views. First, he says, [Community] notice does not inflict punishment in the constitutional sense. The offender may be stigmatized within the community, but loss of reputation does not impair constitutionally protected liberty (38). A similar example of this can be found in the publication of the FBIs 10 Most Wanted list of criminal suspects. Although a stigma is attached to these individuals, nobody argues the con...

Health and Safety in ICT Essays

Health and Safety in ICT Essays Health and Safety in ICT Essay Health and Safety in ICT Essay If an employer does not care about the health and safety of his employees, they could be sued up to 10,000 pounds. This includes supervision of inexperienced workers. Employees are entitled to safety equipment if it is needed. Employers have to make sure their employers can work machines properly because so they wont get hurt. Employers are responsible for providing their workers with safe and suitable equipment with which to do their job, training them in how to use it, inspecting and maintaining it, and ensuring that it is used correctly through training and supervision. They also need to set up emergency procedures, provide first aid facilities, taking precaution against electrical equipment, noise, temperature and radiation. And giving safety warnings (signs) For an example if office floors were left wet or cluttered with files or cables, on which employees slipped or tripped up. They would have the right to ask for compensation from their employers. Electrical sockets must not be overloaded. It is also important not to have food or drinks near. Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 states that It shall be the duty of every employee to ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. Section 3 of the Act states that It shall be the duty of every employer to conduct his undertaking in such a way as to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable, that persons not in his employment who may be affected thereby are not exposed to risks to their health or safety. If there were no laws regarding health and safety at work, the number of deaths at work places would be much higher. People can be disabled for life due to lack of safety precautions. Ergonomics means the study of equipment design to make workplace equipment more comfortable and safe for people so that they are more efficient in their work environment. Ergonomists design things carefully such as a chair so people dont get pastoral and back pain People working with computers need to think about: * Position of the computer * Placement of the keyboard and mouse * Furniture and posture * Hand in arm position and movement * Angle of the monitor * Lighting * Their vision * Cables and accessories or peripherals. If the position of the computer is too far away from you. You have to squint at the screen hence damage your eyesight. You need a good distance from the keyboard/mouse to support hands/wrists during pauses. Also so you dont strain your arm. You could get severe back pain if your chair was too upright. . You should also be able to adjust your seat height so you are comfortable with looking at the screen. If your screen isnt level with your head and you need to look up. You will get neck pain. Dim lighting strains your eyes. Looking too closely at your screen makes you vulnerable to harmful radiation. Therefore, you need to make sure you are at a reasonable distance from your computer and make sure you have a screen filter. Cables can harmful because a person could trip from cable and break a bone. An accessory such as a printer can be dangerous because you could twist a muscle while getting a printout. Workers also need to take regular breaks because you can collapse from stress. Advantages of ICT Computers have made life much more easier for us. Before computers were invented it could take more than 6 months to get a simple message to Australia. Now it only takes a couple of seconds. Computers are 99% accurate when make calculations E.g. in Microsoft Excel. It can also make you a variety of different graphs in a mille second in Excel. Doing things on a computer makes the final product look more professional than doing it by hand. Instead of writing something out again and again. You could write it out once and print it how many times you want. This saves a lot of time. When you need to change something around on paper you have to write it all out again. But on Microsoft Word you can just cut and paste. On a computer you can almost completely change an image so it looks the way you want. You can rotate it, enhance, brighten it etc. If you take a picture on a digital camera instead of taking it to a shop and paying money you can upload it on your computer. Work is easy to save and document, rather than someone keeping them in folders where they can get misplaced. You can use scanners to scan in pictures form magazine and books which is easier than taking a photograph. It is much easier to read something on the computer than something that is handwritten (bad handwriting). It is also much more easier to search for information. Disadvantages of ICT. Its is difficult to understand a computer and some software/programs so you can need training. Some graphics are to difficult to achieve if done by a computer . As they are complex. When something is done by a computer people have high expectations. Saving and backing up a file can destroy the work and sometimes the computer also if there is a problem with your hardware. Viruses can get into your system and destroy everything . People rely on computers too much and get lazy . Using a computer damages your eyes. Monitors release harmful radiation. Using a computer too much can leads to strain injury , back problems and eye pain. ICT also contributes to global warming. How to safeguard your work Storage and Backup. It is important that when you are naming a file or a folder that you use an appropriate name. Because if you forget where it is, you can search for it by clicking start and then clicking on search (window xp). If you want to rename a folder: you need to click on file and then rename. You cannot use any punctuation. It is good to make more than 1 folder to make it more easier find a file and its more organized. It is important to regularly backup your files. Because your work can be destroyed by a technical problem or a virus. If you want to make a new folder just click right, new and then folder. Using a floppy to backup is a bad idea because most computers are not designed for floppies, they dont have much space (around 1.46 mega bytes), are slow and they are very unreliable. Using a CD is better as they have more space and are more reliable, they can have up to 700MB, relatively inexpensive and new computers have a built in cd-rw drive. . But you need special software to use them, it is possible to overwrite data and lose important files. You can also store date online , The advantages are : you can access your data anywhere, offers large amount of storage , no other device needed. The bad thing is if the companys server fails you will not be able to access your data, your information can be stolen by a hacker , you often have to pay a monthly fee. A Usb stick is best to use as they are small , can hold up to 2 gigabytes, reliable and also because most new computers are designed for them. The disadvantage is that they are easy to lose and expensive .In my opinion the good side outweigh the disadvantages. Viruses , Worms, Trojans and Spyware. A virus can be a file or a program that replicates itself in your computer. It can cause a lot of damage do your hard drive. E.g. a virus might infect a document, each time you open that document the virus runs and has a chance to cause harm. The Melissa Virus caused so much damage companies like Microsoft had to completely shut off their email systems. Viruses are mostly spread my emails, downloads off the internet (usually music and games) and backup devices (e.g. floppy disks). A virus can make you lose all your data! A worm is a computer program that can copy itself from machine to machine. Worms normally move around and infect other machines through computer networks. For example, the Code Red worm replicated itself over 250,000 times in approximately nine hours on July 19, 2001. Worms use up computer time and space. The worm also looks for security flaws. When it finds a computer that has a security flaw it copies itself into it. A Trojan horse is a program that looks desirable (like a game , screensaver) but is really dangerous. Hence the name. Trojan horses have the ability to erase files. They do not reproduce, they can be spread my email attachments, running a file from the internet etc. The often let hackers enter your computer who then can gain personal information (passwords). Spyware, which is also known an ad ware, collects information about the computer user without their consent. The usually collect personal information,, credit card details for advertising purposes. Spyware applications are typically bundled as a hidden component of freeware or shareware programs that can be downloaded from the Internet. Clicking on pop up ad sis a danger too. Spyware is often spread by email. When a computer has a bug is usually crashes a lot , is slow , has corrupted or deleted files , programs no longer work , a lot of error messages , has files that end in exe., ant virus program becomes disabled etc. Protection To protect yourself from these bugs its important that your install firewalls , virus scanners , Spam killers , privacy services and anti ad ware programs. Regularly scan your computer with your anti virus program. You shouldnt download programs off the internet particularly games and music as these are very popular. Also free programs. For an example Limewire is a popular program to download music . But because you are getting files directly from other people ( p2p program) you are prone to viruses . Also because Limewire doesnt scan the file you are downloading for a bug. When you receive an email from someone you dont know , do not open any attachments as they often have viruses. By wary of sharing usb sticks, floppies etc as these can store bugs too . Dealing with Errors and Copyright Laws. If you have a software problem it is best to contact the actual software company. And explain your problem :when it started , if you did anything different on your computer , what is the error message that arises etc. If there is a adware problem you should contact the company that made the computer e.g. Dell , IBM. Using their helpline. You could use your help and support centre that is already on your computer . Which is on the start menu. Or you could ring the help line, which is usually free. There are forums online and help sites that have qualified technicians there to help you to or you could just ring in for a technician and ask them to come in . You always as your teacher or friend to help you. There are often copyright laws on programs and software. These prevent people from making a copying or mimicking the product.(plagiarism). Copyright laws consist in a wide range of things e.g. poems, movies, drawings etc.

A Cooperative Jute Mill In Assam Management Essay

A Cooperative Jute Mill In Assam Management Essay Assam Co-operative Jute Mills ltd. being in the cooperative is unique of its kind in the country. Though it has a glorious history it plunged into oblivion for running around one and a half decade due to its internal crisis. But with pressure from the public and the employees it was re-opened and since then it never looked back. Obviously the reasons behind the organization’s revival and sustenance are worth exploring. The study established the existence of Employee Commitment in the organization, which in turn was found to be related to organizational performance. The study also explored and revealed the reasons behind the lack of performance during certain periods. Key words: employee commitment, work involvement, organizational performance Introduction The Assam Co-operative Jute Mills Ltd. is situated on the south bank of the river Brahmaputra at Silghat in the Nagaon district of Assam. This is the only Jute Mill in the country in Co-operative Sector. It was registered in the year 1959 under the Assam Co-operative Societies Act and after much struggle it was commissioned in the year 1970 with the initial investment of around Rs. 150 lakhs. But the Mill after running for about 14 years in rough weather had to close down during March 1984 for about 2 years due to acute financial crisis and other infrastructural problems. Again, the Mill was re-opened on 1st January 1986 under public demand with the financial assistance from the Central Government as well as State Government. However, in spite of sufficient government assistance, financial depression developed again due to imbalance in the income and the expenditure. The mill experienced teething operational problems due to huge accumulation of unsettled liabilities, shortage of working capital etc. But, after continuous struggle and efforts, the Mill started improving its economy from the year 1992-93 and thereafter making progressive net profits. Now, the Mill is completely free from all loans and li abilities and achieved an economically viable position. The Mill is implementing the scheme for renovation/modernization of its plant and machinery from its own resources. Today it provides direct employment to about 800 men. The mill has institutionalized corporate governance and discipline in all aspects of its functioning. During the year 2007-08 the Mill achieved the highest ever turnover of Rs. 18.67 Crores and best ever profitability after tax of Rs. 1.83 Crores. Looking at the above background it ignited the researchers to find out as to what are the reasons that prompted the organization to revive. Why the employees wanted the organization to sustain and above all what made these people to stay in the organization inspite of not being paid highly. The findings could be important learning for replication in other sick organizations and cooperative sector units. Thus the study was carried out with the following objectives. i. To determine the level of employee commitment in AC JM. ii. To explore the relationship between â€Å"Employee commitment† and the â€Å"Organizational performance† in ACJM. Thus the study did not elaborately take into account other aspects of management. Method Sample included all executives and staff, and 50% of workers from each department (12 departments). The response rate of the former was 76% and that of the latter was 78%. Questionnaires and schedules were used to gather the primary data. An extensive study of the available secondary sources of data available in the organization was carried out.

How should children in trouble with the law be responded to by Essay

How should children in trouble with the law be responded to by prioritizing their welfare or by prioritizing justice - Essay Example The cognitive development of children is not at the same level as it is when they have reached adulthood. The way in which they understand complex social concepts is not the same as the concepts that adults have developed. Therefore, when children commit crimes they do not have the same perspective from which to draw logical choices. The decisions that lead to an illegal act are driven by concepts that have been twisted to include the acceptability of those decisions. Children have a centralized need to draw in all of the education that they can take, which often includes exploring less than legal experiences. As well, sometimes they perceive an action that must be taken because they do not see an alternative. The problem with treating children as criminals is that they begin to behave and adopt the identity of a criminal. The crime that they commit later in life can be far worse than the crimes of childhood, thus creating a scenario where society has the choice of growing a better a dult or creating a new criminal. Because the actions of a child do not define the future identity of the potential adult within, the welfare of the child should be protected and nurtured in order to prioritize the security of justice in the future by implementing a welfare approach to handling youth offenders. According to Barrouillet and Gaillard (2011), children do not have the capacity to understand all of the factors involved in situations that have sophisticated complexities in forming the circumstances. Cognitive capacity increases with age allowing for more information to be considered in making a decision (p. 2). Children do not have the capacity to considered highly complex situations, thus creating impulsivity and spontaneity in the way in which they react to different situations. Circumstances are often such that the immediacy of the benefit will outweigh any ability to fully consider the consequences of the action. Therefore, it is often the case that illegal activity is not framed from the point of view of an understanding of all of the potential outcomes. Without the ability to form and recognized all of the outcomes, a child does not have the ability to make a true decision about right and wrong. Using the perspective of prioritizing justice does nothing to address the causes of youthful crime. It does nothing to attend to the safety of the public and causes more harm further down the line when now trained criminals are released from prison. This is not to suggest that children cannot be taught right from wrong, but it is too much to expect that every situation can be successfully framed within that conceptualization. According to Smith, Cowie, and Blades (2003), children are seeking to learn what is right and wrong and why it is right or wrong and as they grow, they are better able to comprehend more complex concepts (p. 270). However, children will not necessarily understand what makes a situation right or wrong and this misunderstanding can c reate a gap between understanding the action in regard to the outcome. As an example, take into consideration a childhood activity of throwing apples at cars as they pass. The child is aiming at a moving target, creating a game out of the explosion of the apple as it hits the car. However, the possible outcomes of startling the driver and causing an accident, causing damage to the car, or of breaking a window and injuring the passengers, may be well beyond the capacity of the child to understand. Even if those concepts are known, the child may still believe that nothing bad will happen and give into the temptation of throwing the fruit to see what will happen. Pearson (1984) writes eloquently about a world that has become more dangerous and filled with socially reforming do-gooders who have tied the hands of those

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) Essay

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) - Essay Example Economic integration can be replicated in the political field but true growth of regionalism will come about through a coagulation of regional identities. Multiculturalism can contribute to creation of common identities and can thus provide a strong bond for the sustained growth of regionalism. The impact of multiculturalism in fostering regionalism and growth of ASEAN will thus form the central theme of this research. A realist approach with thorough analysis of data and study of primary as well as secondary sources will be adopted to arrive at specific answers to the key research questions. The rigorous approach thus adopted is expected to bring about a greater understanding of the phenomenon of multiculturalism in the specific context of South East Asian regionalism. The modern world is increasingly regionalized and globalized. This is posing greater challenges for individuals and nation states. Some of these are resulting in a clash of identities between individuals and states. Multiculturalism attempts to reduce these fault lines by bringing people closer together to melt different cultures and identities. Regionalism provides a geographical and political dimension to multiculturalism. However regionalism does not naturally imply assimilation of cultures. Multiculturalism needs stronger roots and deeper commitments than regionalism. Association of South East Asian Nations or ASEAN has emerged as an enduring regional phenomenon. It is a political and economic confederation based on the needs to protect and project economic and political power of the resurgent economies of South East Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Multiculturalism can also form a strong glue to bind together the people of ASEAN. Though it will be a long a slow p rocess, a multicultural ASEAN society would be far more homogeneous than it is today, thereby enabling peace and prosperity in the region more consistently.

The Western Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Western Experience - Essay Example Indeed we were going to the new world that we did not know anything about although we felt that there must be wonderful things that we needed. Reaching the new land which was strategically located in the Pacific Northwest part of the country prompted us to take a journey which is popularly known as the Oregon Trail. The hardship we experienced with our children was one of its kinds. I influenced my family because I wanted to start of life in the west. In the beginning, the desire to explore new world overwhelmed me and I could not think about any other thing (Peavy & Smith, 1998). Before the adventure life was very interesting and relaxing especially to women who did not have much to do in their homes. Women did not expect their men to explore the tales of gold and prosperous green land in the west because their husbands were already established businessmen or working on their lands. I initially believed that life was satisfying because I did not lack anything I wanted (Woodworth-Ney , 2008). However, one time I just changed my mind and decided to explore the great things that existed in the west. There was severe depression in the Midwest as well as propaganda from fellow traders and other government officials regarding the fertility and the value of land in the west. I fully packed my wagon with foodstuff such as beans, coffee, dried meat, flour as well as clothing and furniture. Interestingly, I had to drop some of my heavy household items such as furniture because they were too heavy to be carried while crossing rivers (Peavy & Smith, 1998). Although we ran through fairly even country of the Great Plains, there was a good number of obstacles on the way such as the perils of crossing rivers as well as the candid risk of the Indian attackers. We drew our wagons into a circle at night to create a rough-and-ready barrier for fear of the India attacker. Few people died from accidental discharge of firearms or be drowned while we were crossing rivers. In addition, there were other more mundane causes such as diseases, some people would fall off horses and the difficulties of walking along rocky terrain that was full of steep ascents and descents as well as injuries got from overturning and runaway wagons (Woodworth-Ney, 2008). I travelled almost 2000 miles along with other pioneers whom we were forced to travel through five states after the journey began in Missouri. The journey was full of people with different ages and sex. Most of the women we travelled with complained that their husbands forced them to take the journey in search for new places despite the fact that they were already established in their homes (Woodworth-Ney, 2008). Travelling in group was amazing since we could make stories and also for our safety. Some of our properties were being robbed at gunpoint by highway people along the trail. It was really heartbreaking to see women bearing children and losing them on the way due to unbearable conditions thus forcing them to liv e the bodies behind (Morito, 2012). Jefferson wanted to boost the economy by using resources which would arise due to exploration of new fertile land. I currently stay in Williamette Valley. There were several significant technological, infrastructural and economic growths that resulted as the Oregon Trail. Domestic farming was introduced into the West because of enormous herding and introduction of the domestic animals by us. Surprisingly, I can see some of the modern highways and railroads built alongside the Oregon Trail.

Germany's Weltpolitik Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Germany's Weltpolitik - Essay Example directed against socialists! Caprivi's successor, Prince Hohenlohe (Chancellor 1894 -1900), was an elderly Bavarian aristocrat with a reputation for indecision and procrastination. Thus Hohenlohe became a figure-head and Blow, his foreign minister, exerted a powerful influence under him. In time Blow became Chancellor between 1900 - 1909. He was a manipulator and self-seeker who pandered to the emperor. He became unpopular with the Kaiser following the Daily Telegraph affair, and was replaced by Bethmann-Hollweg, who was Chancellor between 1909 - 17. He was a hard-working and well-meaning bureaucrat lacking experience in foreign affairs, and ignorant of military issues. Caprivi's adopted a more conciliatory attitude to previously hostile forces within Germany, such as the Centre Party and the Social Democrats. In 1891 with the backing of the Reichstag, he introduced the prohibition on Sunday working and limitations on child labour. He also reformed Germany's tariff policy - in a series a bilateral agreements with Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia and others he negotiated a reduction of German tariffs on agricultural goods in return for reductions in foreign tariffs on German goods. However, this initiated a reaction. In 1893 the Agrarian League was formed; it grew to a million members and acted as powerful pressure group for the Conservatives. earning the resentment of the army... eries a bilateral agreements with Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia and others he negotiated a reduction of German tariffs on agricultural goods in return for reductions in foreign tariffs on German goods. However, this initiated a reaction. In 1893 the Agrarian League was formed; it grew to a million members and acted as powerful pressure group for the Conservatives. In 1892 - 3 Caprivi also reduced conscription from 3 to 2 years in the Army Bill; thus earning the resentment of the army. In 1894 Wilhelm II pressed Caprivi to draw up an anti-socialist Subversion Bill; Caprivi refused. Although he did dissuade Wilhelm II from adopting an even more authoritarian approach, he resigned. Weltpolitik The aged Hohenlohe held the Chancellorship until 1900, but he was no match for court and government intrigue. Policy was directed more by Blow, Tirpitz and Posadowsky-Wehner. In 1897 Admiral von Tirpitz was appointed navy secretary; Count Posadowsky-Wehner as interior minister; Blow as foreign secretary. A period of Weltpolitik was introduced - colonnial annexations, creation of economic spheres of influence, and expansion of the navy. The Kaiser wanted Germany to become a world power. There was a belief in social Darwinism and the unending struggle between nations. The peasantry and Mittlestand had become radicalised; and many pressure groups formed - especially, the Pan-German League, which was anti-Socialist, racist, anti-Semitic and expansionist. In 1898 Tripitz initiated the creation of the Navy League, with financial backing from key industrialists. Membership rose to 1 million. The Navy Bills of 1898 and 1900 were passed with substantial majorities. There was renewed political struggle within Germany over the renewal of Caprivi's commercial treaties - the compromise Tariff

Workplace Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace Law - Assignment Example Independent contractors have no minimum wage and must submit an invoice for work completed before a company honors payment. Jim had a minimum wage that Lou paid him on a daily basis. He did not submit any form of the invoice before payment, proof that indeed Jim was Lou's employee.According to the Minister of Social Security vs. Market Investigations Limited (1969) 2 QB 173 a taxpayer is an employee. An employee earns a salary as a reward for his or her labor in terms of services delivery. From the case study, Jim was to pay his taxes, a proof that indeed he was Lou's employee. Jim worked for eight a hours as the week like the other employees and casual workers in Australia. The compliance to working eight hours a week without the day off proves that Jim was an employee to Lou.Jim, therefore, regards as Lou's employee despite the terms written in their agreement terms indicating that he approved working as an independent contractor. Lou has an obligation to ensure a safe and conduciv e working environment for Jim who is his employee. The legal case presented and the provisions of the Acts cited to prove that Jim was an employee to Lou.Second IssueLou as the employer has an obligation to follow contractually the Employee Handbook procedure in relation to the bullying complaint comprehensively. Australian Federal law on anti bullying covers all employees, interns, independents contractors and every kind of worker offering their services to an organization under an employer.

The Western Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Western Experience - Essay Example Indeed we were going to the new world that we did not know anything about although we felt that there must be wonderful things that we needed. Reaching the new land which was strategically located in the Pacific Northwest part of the country prompted us to take a journey which is popularly known as the Oregon Trail. The hardship we experienced with our children was one of its kinds. I influenced my family because I wanted to start of life in the west. In the beginning, the desire to explore new world overwhelmed me and I could not think about any other thing (Peavy & Smith, 1998). Before the adventure life was very interesting and relaxing especially to women who did not have much to do in their homes. Women did not expect their men to explore the tales of gold and prosperous green land in the west because their husbands were already established businessmen or working on their lands. I initially believed that life was satisfying because I did not lack anything I wanted (Woodworth-Ney , 2008). However, one time I just changed my mind and decided to explore the great things that existed in the west. There was severe depression in the Midwest as well as propaganda from fellow traders and other government officials regarding the fertility and the value of land in the west. I fully packed my wagon with foodstuff such as beans, coffee, dried meat, flour as well as clothing and furniture. Interestingly, I had to drop some of my heavy household items such as furniture because they were too heavy to be carried while crossing rivers (Peavy & Smith, 1998). Although we ran through fairly even country of the Great Plains, there was a good number of obstacles on the way such as the perils of crossing rivers as well as the candid risk of the Indian attackers. We drew our wagons into a circle at night to create a rough-and-ready barrier for fear of the India attacker. Few people died from accidental discharge of firearms or be drowned while we were crossing rivers. In addition, there were other more mundane causes such as diseases, some people would fall off horses and the difficulties of walking along rocky terrain that was full of steep ascents and descents as well as injuries got from overturning and runaway wagons (Woodworth-Ney, 2008). I travelled almost 2000 miles along with other pioneers whom we were forced to travel through five states after the journey began in Missouri. The journey was full of people with different ages and sex. Most of the women we travelled with complained that their husbands forced them to take the journey in search for new places despite the fact that they were already established in their homes (Woodworth-Ney, 2008). Travelling in group was amazing since we could make stories and also for our safety. Some of our properties were being robbed at gunpoint by highway people along the trail. It was really heartbreaking to see women bearing children and losing them on the way due to unbearable conditions thus forcing them to liv e the bodies behind (Morito, 2012). Jefferson wanted to boost the economy by using resources which would arise due to exploration of new fertile land. I currently stay in Williamette Valley. There were several significant technological, infrastructural and economic growths that resulted as the Oregon Trail. Domestic farming was introduced into the West because of enormous herding and introduction of the domestic animals by us. Surprisingly, I can see some of the modern highways and railroads built alongside the Oregon Trail.

Workplace Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace Law - Assignment Example Independent contractors have no minimum wage and must submit an invoice for work completed before a company honors payment. Jim had a minimum wage that Lou paid him on a daily basis. He did not submit any form of the invoice before payment, proof that indeed Jim was Lou's employee.According to the Minister of Social Security vs. Market Investigations Limited (1969) 2 QB 173 a taxpayer is an employee. An employee earns a salary as a reward for his or her labor in terms of services delivery. From the case study, Jim was to pay his taxes, a proof that indeed he was Lou's employee. Jim worked for eight a hours as the week like the other employees and casual workers in Australia. The compliance to working eight hours a week without the day off proves that Jim was an employee to Lou.Jim, therefore, regards as Lou's employee despite the terms written in their agreement terms indicating that he approved working as an independent contractor. Lou has an obligation to ensure a safe and conduciv e working environment for Jim who is his employee. The legal case presented and the provisions of the Acts cited to prove that Jim was an employee to Lou.Second IssueLou as the employer has an obligation to follow contractually the Employee Handbook procedure in relation to the bullying complaint comprehensively. Australian Federal law on anti bullying covers all employees, interns, independents contractors and every kind of worker offering their services to an organization under an employer.

The Importance of Being Earnest, Marriage and Respectability Download this essay Print Save Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest, Marriage and Respectability Download this essay Print Save Essay In the Victorian times respectability was very important and you were only really respected if you were in the Upper Class. An example of this is in Act 1 when Lady Bracknell is questioning Jack Worthing about his life, upbringing and income. She starts off by telling Jack that she has the same list as the dear Duchess of Bolton, so she is instantly trying to make Jack respect her and almost worry that he isnt good enough for Gwendolen and therefore her questions might be personal and therefore he might just want to go and not waste her time. The way she talks by talking about her own personal opinion about the question she is about to ask before she has asked it, so its almost pressurising Jack into saying a similar answer to stay on her good side. But the way she talks shows how she thinks she more important than Jack and she is trying to find faults. When she starts asking about his housing she asks where and what number Jack lives at and when he replies 149 she shakes her head, saying The unfashionable side. I thought there was something. This shows that she has been trying to find faults, maybe because she does not think he born in to a high enough class to be allowed to marry Gwendolen. When she does find a major fault she sounds disgusted as her sentences have become just a word or two long. Found, A handbag?. As Jack has some faults Lady Bracknell basically says no, you cant marry Gwendolen because she doesnt think that he has enough respect to become her son-in-law as he might end up with people not having as much respect for Lady Bracknell. Although when Lady Bracknell finds out about Cecily Cardew, his ward, she instantly has respect for her, because while she was questioning Jack about her she asked whether Miss Cardew has any little fortune but when she finds out that Cecily has about a hundred and thirty thousand pounds in the Funds, Lady Bracknell sounds shocked that a young girl is to be in possession of that amount of money, she then almost turns back on all she had previously said by going Miss Cardew seems to me a most attractive young lady, now that I look at her. Although near the end of the play you discover that before Lady Bracknell married Lord Bracknell she had no fortune of any kind, when you read this you discover that Lady Bracknell would have had no respect and throughout the play she has been hypocritical towards the other characters. This also shows Lady Bracknells views on marriage as she is very reluctant to let Gwendolen marry Jack, as she doesnt think he is respected enough nor has enough money to be part of her family. So basically Lady Bracknells views on marriage are that the parents must choose the husband of their daughter, and make sure that he is respectable, has a good fortune, well known family background and many homes in expensive areas. Although it turns out that Lady Bracknell would have previously hoped that the families she hoped to marry into wouldnt mind the fact that she was poor and had no respect. It also shows that since she has married Lord Bracknell she has been influenced to think the opposite to what she would have done previously. Algernons views on marriage arent very good at the beginning of the play as he thinks that a man that marries without knowing Bunbury has a very tedious time of it, and that in married life three is company and two is none. So basically Algernons imaginary invalid friend Bunbury has been made up so if he ever does marry he can escape his wife and family and see other women as he would tell his wife that Bunbury is under the weather, therefore the three is company and two is none is just simply saying that you can get easily bored with having just woman in his life, but having two is different and you can alternate between two women. Also at the beginning of the play Algernon asks his servant Lane why it is that at a bachelors establishment the servants invariably drink the champagne, Lane replies by saying that the quality is better in a bachelors house than in married households as in married households, there are other things the man has to spend his money on like wife and children , so the quality of champagne isnt as expensive or of a first-rate brand. After that Algernon thinks that married life is an unpleasant experience as he has to spend more money, and the champagne isnt as high quality. Later on in the play, towards the end Algernon stands up to his Aunt Augusta (Lady Bracknell) by saying that he doesnt care a twopence about social possibilities, so Algernon is saying that he doesnt mind if he looses respect by marrying Cecily because he loves her. He has also killed off Bunbury by this point, I think maybe because he has never been in love properly before, and he always thought that marriage was a bad thing, but his family would expect him to get married, therefore he created Bunbury so he could still leave a bachelor style life on the side. But by killing Bunbury its made you feel that Algernon is serious about marriage and wants to be with one woman, Cecily. I also feel that near the end of the play when it is discovered that Jack is really Algernons older brother, he has become a bit jokey with Jack as he calls him old boy, but I think that Algernon feels that he is in a higher class than Jack still, even though they are brothers as he then calls him my dear boy, so Algernon isnt treating Jack with much respect there. I feel that Algernon likes to be respected, but doesnt like to respect other people. Gwendolen is mainly respected because she is part of the Bracknell family, who seem to be rich with a large house, and her mother wants the best for her. She is also old fashioned when it comes to a marriage proposal, as Jack says we must get married at once and although Gwendolen has practically said yes she insists that Jack proposes properly by getting down on one knee and asking Gwendolen, will you marry me? Of course Gwendolen says yes. We learn that when Gwendolen was a little girl she had dreams of marrying someone called Ernest, and thinks that the only safe name is Ernest. She also mentions that the first time she heard that Algernon, her cousin, had a friend named Ernest, she knew she was destined to love him. Although Gwendolen isnt the most intelligent woman as she really doesnt care about money, appearance or lifestyle, as long as the man she is with is called Ernest. Cecily is very similar to Gwendolen as she also had a childhood dream of marrying a man named Ernest. She also doesnt care about how much money or power the man has as long as Ernest is his name. When she found out that Jack had a brother named Ernest she was excited and interested about meeting him, and had already decided that they were engaged. Cecily has also planned out what Ernest (Algernon) has given her, this is the little bangle with the true lovers knot I promised you always to wear, this is the box in which I keep all your dear letters. Cecily have sent herself gifts and letters pretending that she herself is Ernest and has kept them all, when Ernest sees all these treasures he seems quite shocked but doesnt want to hurt Cecily, because his main intention is to marry her.

Bureaucracy in Pakistan by Charles H. Kennedy | Review

Bureaucracy in Pakistan by Charles H. Kennedy | Review BOOK REVIEW Suhai Aziz Book: Bureaucracy in Pakistan Writer: Charles H. Kennedy Published by: Oxford University Press Published in year: 1987 INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR Charles H. Kennedy has served as director of American institute for Pakistan studies for 13 years. Book Bureaucracy in Pakistan is product of writer’s seven visits spread over a period of 39 months in Pakistan. Mr. Kennedy has written and co-authored more than 18 books on political set up of south asia. He is also credited with writing several papers both published and unpublished on same subject. His other academic interests include the issues of political Islam, and in US foreign policy with respect to the Middle East and South Asia especially pertaining to Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and Iraq.[i] Writer’s enormous experience guarantees credibility of his work Bureaucracy in Pakistan. Intended Audience: Government machinery International audience (personnel of foreign office) Students of political science Bureaucrats SUMMARY OF BOOK This book is about the dominance of bureaucratic institutions and polity over other institutions and political cultures in the country. Author has described the evolution of bureaucracy in the country keeping in the context of political changes and their aftermath. Impact of Bhutto’s reforms on civilian bureaucracy and political environment behind that are discussed in detail. Writer has substantiated his opinion stating the fact that it is the elite class that has ruled Pakistan from its very beginning. AUTHOR’S CONCLUSION The author in this book has attempted to explain the prime structure, evolution, reforms, and consequences of political interventions and impact of these factors on the state of Bureaucracy. Author has maintained a very pragmatic and realistic approach in description and analysis of early bureaucratic state and structure along with functioning of the government. Various cadres, posts and groups of service have been discussed in detail. Kennedy has tried to explain preferences that have always remained in the Civil Service leading to inter-group interaction-whether positive or negative. The contents of the book are spread over a period beginning from pre independence era up till Bhutto’s reforms where in the quota system and cadre abolition has been discussed that was introduced during the tenure of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. However, Post Bhutto reforms have been discussed in more detail and have been accorded most of the space in the book. Author has stated reasons f or strength of bureaucracy in the country. According to him, one of the many reasons for strengthening of bureaucracy during the initial phases of this country after the independence was that the reins of power were in hands of a Governor General and a Prime Minister who were themselves former bureaucrats. In addition to that Pakistan had inherited a powerful colonial tradition that could not be effaces or blurred and was adopted keenly. Symbiotic relationship in the interest of the nation between politicians and bureaucrats could not materialize as a result of disparity and disproportion of power among them. The issues related to bureaucracy which have ardently been questioned by the Author are given below: Nature and extent of authority of a Minister compared to that of a Secretary to the Government is apparently lesser. This is a result of appointment of Ministers who are politically strong but administratively weak and that the tenure assigned to them is relatively short and uncertain when compared to that of a 21 Grade officer. Preference for generalists. The author argues that general recruitment without requirement of specialization in the administrative domain leads to recruitment of generalists who may have performed well in academics but later fail to deliver when put in a position of administration. Similarly, the author has questioned the fact that DMG despite being a group with no specialization in any field enjoys privilege, commands respect and is accorded high posts in echelons of power. Apart from that Professor Kennedy has also discussed hurdles in the way of technocrats such as preference for generalist groups, norms and practices of bureaucracy and mind set which considers technocrats to be naà ¯ve administrators. Cadre system that was introduced some 200 years ago was adopted by Pakistan with some minor modifications. This system compels officer of any group to remain within the ambit of that particular group for rest of his life. In his opinion, aforementioned points have retarded the process of Administrative reform, have contributed to administrative efficiency and have encouraged political intervention. Professor Kennedy has discussed rationale behind Quota system in detail. When Pakistan came into being, the higher percentage of Civil Servants comprised of immigrants from Indian state of U.P and Pakistan’s province of Punjab. Where as majority of Pakistan’s population lived in its eastern wing. Representation of Sindh, then N.W.F.P, Baluchistan and former Eastern Pakistan was fairly low. It was the success of Quota system that representation of provinces became proportionate to their populations. The author has rephrased the Administrative Reforms of 1973 as â€Å"Personnel Reorganization† aimed at weakening the position and power of CSPs. He explains that these reforms were a result of negative public opinion formed over a period of time due to inefficient performance and the belief that as CSPs acquired high posts in the Government machinery thus they were to be held responsible , envy and hatred that had developed over time in the heart of other non CSP bureaucrats and political ambition to abolish the authority of CSPs. He explains that as Cadre system was transformed into Occupational Groups it did not affect much other than change in nomenclature. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: Although it is a fact that bureaucracy is quite strong in the country but it does not have enough power to derail democracy on its own. Whenever democracy is threatened, bureaucracy has played the role of ancillary partner and not the main culprit. There are other institutions which can be fittingly blamed for subversion of democracy. Thus the writer’s claim that bureaucracy is stronger than democracy in Pakistan seems to be an exaggerated notion. Apart from that research conducted by author is rigorous and contains analysis of around 50 tables and of several research papers. Pre-reform environment stated by author is also well articulated. Issues are discussed in context prevalent at that time e.g. the quota system is discussed in terms that were important back then. In present day scenario quota system is not regarded in the same spirit. RECOMMENDATIONS: Sequel of book should be published to address the impacts caused by devolution plan. A glossary of bureaucratic terms should have been added to help readers understand better. This book can be recommended to general public and CSS exam aspirants for better understanding of country’s bureaucratic set up. SYNTAX OF CONTENTS: Author has well followed time scale in describing all the events that have shaped the norms of bureaucracy. References are given properly in endnotes. Arguments are substantiated with the help of tables, charts and illustrations. [i] http://college.wfu.edu/politics/faculty-and-staff/faculty/charles-kennedy/ Music: the International Language Music: the International Language Music: the International Language Music is a part of people’s lives from all around the world. It has been around for at least 50,000 years and most likely originated in Africa (Wallin, et al. 1). There are several distinct genres of music. The most recognized forms in the western hemisphere are: classical, jazz, rock and folk, as well as others which are essentially branches from the four previously mentioned. Many career options exist for those wishing to pursue music, many of which require one or more scholastic degrees. In music, there are a plethora of diverse structural forms in which music is composed. A structural form usually describes the order the â€Å"sections† in a piece of music are written. Without composers, there would be little music today. Most composers have a unique style that they write in that can be identified by anyone with a trained ear. Music is constantly in an evolutionary state, and the music industry changes to reflect that. The future holds endless possibilities for the social and economical effects of new music. Musical notation was not always nice printed symbols arranged in an easy to read format. The Greeks were the first to implement a system for translating written work into sound. However this system made it difficult for someone to imagine the melody, and was extremely difficult to reproduce, and there were usually many errors on copies. The Romans used the first 15 letters of the Roman alphabet above the applicable words to determine pitch with the first letter as the low pitch and the 15th letter as the high pitch. Neuma, or Neumes, is a very peculiar notation used mostly by 6th to 12th century ecclesiastical writers. Deciphering this notation is essentially guesswork due to the number of variables affecting the sounds. (â€Å"Changes in Musical Notation†). Of all the genres of music, classical is the most distinct. It usually includes string instruments, French horns, and trumpets, as well as others. Rock music or â€Å"devil music† as some people refer to it, has bec ome increasingly popular around the world since its inception in the mid 1900’s. This type of music is known to use electric guitars, drum kit, and vocals. Jazz also uses those instruments, but in a different way. In a typical â€Å"big band† jazz orchestra, there will be five saxophones, four trombones, four trumpets, a pianist, a drummer and a guitarist. The jazz style is quite different from that of other types of music. Normally, the first and third beat of a four beat measure are emphasized, in jazz the second and fourth beats are emphasized. In music, there are many formal structures (the way sections of a piece repeat) in which songs are written. Sectional form is a mixture of short chunks of a piece (DeLone. et al. 87). Vocal music often employs the use of the strophic form, which repeats the same section over again (AA†¦). Binary form, as the name might suggest, has two different sections played in succession (AB) or one repeated and then the other repeated (AABB). Similarly to binary form, chain form has three or more sections played in succession (ABC) or (AABBCC). Ternary, or tertiary form, similarly to binary form has two different sections, the difference being there is a â€Å"B† section sandwiched in between two â€Å"A† sections (ABA). Arch form has three different sections, one â€Å"C† section in between two â€Å"B† sections, which is then in between two â€Å"A† sections (ABCBA). Finally, rondo form, which comes in two varieties: symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetr ical form is (ABACABA) as asymmetrical form is (ABACADAEA) (â€Å"Musical Form†). There are many fun and rewarding careers in music many of which involve working with an assortment of creative individuals. Composition, the art of writing music, is one of the more difficult, yet also more rewarding choices, although it is hard to make a living as a composer unless the utmost dedication is displayed. Teaching others music, either by instruments, theory, or otherwise, is an occupation in high demand around the United States (â€Å"Bachelor of Music†). Musicians are the key element of music, without them there would be no live music. Music therapy is one of the less known musical vocations. Music therapists help people with mental illness or disability by using music (â€Å"Careers in Music Therapy†). There have been many great classical composers, each with his or her own identifying characteristics in their writing. Johann Sebastian Bach is known for never leaving pauses in his music. However, George Frideric Handel writes so that there are moments where no notes are played (grand pause.) Mozart has written over 600 pieces of music, all of which were written in one draft. Music is all about sound, and for a mostly deaf man, Ludwig Van Beethoven is quite an accomplished composer. The music industry is generally defined as â€Å"the businesses and organizations that record, produce, publish, distribute, and market recorded music† (â€Å"Music Industry†). There are four major record companies or â€Å"labels,† Sony BMG, EMI, Universal and Warner. In 2005, Universal dominated the United States market with a 31.71% market share. In a close second came Sony BMG with 31.71%. Warner firmly holds third with a solid 15% market share, leaving EMI to clean up with the remaining 9.55%. Independent labels cover18.13% of the US market, but there are many independent companies and none of which hold a candle to he â€Å"big four† (Cashmere). Music artists and record companies alike make most of their money from music sales, but with the rise of peer-to-peer file sharing networks, it has been increasingly popular to illegally download or, pirate, stolen music. According to the American Federation of Musicians, gross revenue for music drops about 20% annually due to piracy. In reaction to the horrifying statistics the Recording Industry Association of America or, RIAA, has taken a number of steps to fight internet piracy. One of their goals is to inform the public of the repercussions music piracy has on the individuals who earn a living from legitimate music exchange (â€Å"Online Music Piracy†). Jazz is the only style of music native to the United States of America. It is clear that many other genres thought to be â€Å"truly American† are actually just bits and pieces from the musical traits of other cultures. Jazz music is brimming with improvisation solos, where a musician is usually given a chord progression also known as â€Å"changes,† and the musician plays notes in the scale of the key given at the specified time. Although the ink on the page may say to play in C7 one could just as well play in Cm in stead. Jazz is also not bound to the â€Å"limitations† of other forms of music and will not always be cut up into easy-to-identify sections. One thing almost all types of music have in common is scalability, for example, there could be a single saxophonist playing â€Å"Harlem Nocturne† on a street corner, or there could be an 18 piece big band orchestra playing the same song in a concert hall. The same applies to classical music, but it is m ore common to see a street musician playing jazz than classical music. The invention of solid-state electronics brought on many changes. The music world was affected when someone figured that if you make a keyboard and set it so each key you press produces a different frequency at a line level current and run it through an amplifier, there will be an electronic piano-style keyboard! This device later became known as the analog synthesizer and was used in many performing bands. Several years later, digital sound synthesis technology made it possible to have hundreds of different â€Å"patches† on a keyboard, eliminating the need for expensive sound modules for analog synthesizers. Today, both technologies are used, but analog is mostly just used and built for historical and experimental purposes. Every kind of music requires an instrument, be it human vocal cords, a bassoon, or a microchip, at least one instrument is required. There are three types of â€Å"traditional† instruments. Brass instruments are devices in which sound is made by pressing the lips to the large end of an almost conical mouthpiece and buzzing the lips whilst blowing. Instruments requiring no buzzing are referred to as woodwinds. The sound can be made either by a single reed, where the player places the top front two teeth on top of a tapered mouthpiece and presses the bottom lip over the bottom teeth contacting the reed and blowing so the reed vibrates in between the mouthpiece and the bottom lip. A double reed instrument has no mouthpiece, only two reeds that are pointed together at the end. The third form of woodwind sound production entails placing the lips one the near side of a hole in the mouthpiece and blowing air over the gap, just like making a glass bottle whistle. In music, there are two categories, one for the high society, and one for the low society. The high society music is that of the classical, baroque romantic and other such eras, are usually preformed in formal venues. In contrast, the low society music such as jazz, rap and hip hop could be preformed in places where formal etiquette is not present such as a casino, night club or parking lot. It is apparent that the average audience member of a classical performance will have an income higher than that of an audience member from a hip hop concert. By analyzing this data, musicologists have concluded that the class distinction is not related to the music itself, rather, the crowd associated with that type of music. Works Cited â€Å"Bachelor of Music.† â€Å"Careers in Music Therapy.† Cashmere, Paul. â€Å"Universal Is The Biggest Music Company of 2005†. â€Å"Changes in Musical Notation.† DeLone et al. Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. â€Å"Music Industry.† â€Å"Musical Form† â€Å"Online Music Piracy.† Wallin, Nills L., et al. The Origins of Music. MIT press, 2001. The impact of sexual assault: Issues in social work The impact of sexual assault: Issues in social work Sexual Assault Abstract Sexual assault is any sexual activity to which you havent freely given your consent. This includes completed or attempted sex acts that are against your will. Sometimes it can involve a victim who is unable to consent. It also includes abusive sexual contact. It can happen to men, women or children. Most people feel that sexual assault occurs when you don’t know the person but that not so, it can be a friend, family member, or a co-worker. â€Å"According to the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Nearly 1 in 5 (18.3%) women and 1 in 71 men (1.4%) reported experiencing rape at some time in their lives.† â€Å"Approximately 1 in 20 women and men (5.6% and 5.3%, respectively) experienced sexual violence other than rape, such as being made to penetrate someone else, sexual coercion, unwanted sexual contact, or non-contact unwanted sexual experiences.† When it comes to sexual assault, most people don’t want to talk about this because they don’t want to re-live that time in their lives. Most people want to push it in the back of their minds as if it didn’t really happen. Being sexual assault can lead to many different feeling causing a person to become physically, emotionally, and mentally disturbed. Women are more likely to be assault than men because most women don’t want to talk about what happen because they are afraid no-one will believe them. Most women don’t report what has happen to the police because they are afraid nothing will happen so they just keep quiet and keep it bottled up inside. Each year in the United States, between 300,000 and 700,000 adult women are estimated to experience sexual assault, with 40,000 of such victims typically seeking treatment in an emergency department (Kwence, Sherri). When a women is sexual assault an start seeking professional help for what she has went through can be hard just trying to move forward from such pain that she has endure. It is said that sexual abuse is the most common and threatening behavior calculated to induce fear in all women, it means men have chosen to maintain control over women. Rape is the fastest growing crime in the country. Rape occurs in India every twenty minutes (Behere, P.B). In 2011, more than 24 thousand cases were reported-about 70 a day. New figures released by the Delhi Police reveals that a women is raped every 18 minutes or molested every 14 minutes. There are 80, 000 pending rape cases in India and nearly 1,000 rape cases are pending in Delhi courts (Behere, P. B.). In the United States, 1 in 6 women reported experiencing rape or attempted rape at some time in their lives. Being sexual assault can make a women start feeling anger toward men. When someone you know has been sexual assault they must seek professional help so, they can live a healthy life. As a social worker we must help victims who has been harm in any way possible. The conflicts in which a social worker may face when working with women or men who has been sexual assault. The value of the social worker is to promote resources to help victim who has been mistreated. When a women has been assault it take a lot from her. Once someone take something as precious as sex from you, can make you feel bad about yourself. When you think about sex, it something that should be shared between two people who care about each other. For someone to come and take that away from you can make a person become very bitter at the world? As a social worker we must promote social justice to make sure our client get the best help possible by setting up counseling. We first has to assess the problem at hand and see what really happen and then we can move forward with the problem. As a social we must not impose on the client right to do what she feel is right for her, we can only try and led them down the right path. Social worker values can’t get in the way when it comes to helping a client get the best help needed. The client have every right to refuse any help at any time. Social worker have to be the voice for those who are not willing to speak and the ear for those who can’t hear what is been said, and the legs to help the client walk that extra mile needed. Not only do sexual assault happen to women but it also happen to men and children. Most people don’t think that men are sexually assault but it happen, but more common in small children because it’s hard for them to fight back. Most men are victim because they choose to be gay or because they are locked up in jail. As a social worker no, matter who is seeking help it is our job to provide the best care needed. When someone has been assaulted by a family member it hard to te ll someone especially when you are a small child because they are scared and don’t want to get anyone is trouble so children suffer for a long time from assault because they are afraid to tell because no one will believe them. Children will grow-up feeling ashamed of what happen to them so it will cause them to sexual assault someone. They why it’s important to get the proper help needed when you have been assault. Everyone deserve to live a happy and success life. Results of this study showed that 66% of the women were aged 15-24 years old and 75% had met the perpetrator before the sexual assault with nearly 50% reporting that the perpetrator was a current or former boyfriend, family member or someone they considered a friend. Women with no previous contact or knowledge of their perpetrator were more likely to report to the police and were at a higher risk of sustaining an injury, the research showed. Looking specifically at alcohol, the study found that over 40% of women had consumed more than 5 units of alcohol. These women were more often sexually assaulted by a stranger or someone they met within 24 hours prior to the assault. Furthermore, a physical injury was found in 53% of cases and 33% of the victims had suffered a previous sexual assault (Wiley). In fact, researchers found that college women who experienced severe sexual victimization were three times more likely than their peers to experience severe sexual victimization the following year. RIA researchers followed nearly 1,000 college women, most age 18 to 21, over a five-year period, studying their drinking habits and experiences of severe physical and sexual assault. Severe physical victimization includes assaults with or without a weapon. Severe sexual victimization includes rape and attempted rape, including incapacitated rape, where a victim is too intoxicated from drugs or alcohol to provide consent (University at Buffalo). We don’t realize just how much sexual assault go unreported while in college. No-one should have to experience this kind of abuse while they are trying to learn. It hard trying to learn when sexual assault is going on at a campus sight because you are afraid to walk around at anytime day or night because you don’t know who to trust or who is watching your every move. You have to be aware of your surrounding at all times. A student, age 24 came into my office just like any other day set down and she had a strange look upon her face. I spoke and said what, I can help you with today. She replied, I was sexual assault at a party which I had attended on Friday with a couple of my friends. My response to her was are you alright and she replied no. She started telling me in details what had happen so I just sat and listen to what she had to say. It was a surprise party for her best friend so it was a lot of people there as you know the usual crowd family, friend, and co-worker. At this part there were loud music, drugs, and lots of alcohol, so we all were having a good time so it was this guy who I’ve known for a long time was there and we started talking, laughing, and dancing. As the night grew old we went back to his place of course I had been drinking and so had he. While we were alone in his place he started hugging, kissing, and touch me and it was making me feel uncomfortable so I asked him to stop and he said you know you want it and I said no but he didn’t pay me no attention and processed to throw me down and force himself upon me. I started screaming saying stop but he didn’t you continue on until he was finish. After he finished he took me home like nothing never happen I was so scared. When I made it to my house I ran upstairs and started to shower because I was feeling so dirty. So could you please help me I am afraid to tell someone what happen because I shouldn’t went there? She replied, I just feel so helpless all I do is just sit in my room and cry it’s driving me crazy. The scene just keep playing over and over in my head. So, I felt that I needed to talk to someone before I go crazy. I don’t want my friends to know what happen to me Friday night. I don’t need no-one judging me because I had too much to drink. I thought I knew this guy that’s why I agreed to go to his place not knowing he had other things own h is mind. It goes to show you, can’t trust anyone these days not even a good friend. So, I found myself walking around in a daze and it led me to your office on Monday. Please help me figure out what to do before I beat myself up about what happen. As a social worker I assure her it wasn’t her fault and I will do everything to help her gain her self-respect back. She didn’t want to go to the police and tell them what had happen because she felt the police wouldn’t believe her because she went to his house on her own and plus she had been drinking. As we were talking, we talked about the negative and positive things that was going on with her. I had to ask some personal question such as did he use protection, do you know if he had any sexually transmitted diseases, or do you think you might be pregnant. She replied, I don’t know. So I advise her to go and get herself checked out and so she did and everything was just fine. Now that’s something you want have to worry about. After the assessment I set her up with a counselor to help her understand that she wasn’t at fault. While in session with the counselor we talk about how she can regain her self-respect back and not let this get the be st of her. First just accept what had happen and talk to your family and friends so you don’t have to go through this alone. No-one will judge you because of what happen, right now you need all the support you can get. The more you talk about what happen to you that night is the only way the healing can begin. Later when you regain your strength you can go to the local authority and report him so it want happen to someone else. Always stay involved with people in the community because your story can help safe someone else someday. Remember to always hold your head up high and don’t let negative talk get you down because you survive. You have to start setting goal in your life to help you get back on the right track. We can’t change the facts about what happen or the feeling you have. The only thing we can do is just help you begin to heal. At the end of the long session she was able to deal with her feeling and regain her self-respect. As a social worker we have to get involved with families, groups and organization or communities to help promote social justice when dealing with people. As a social worker we must be equipped with the skills and knowledge to be able to better serve clients. As a social worker we play many roles in people lives for example: negotiate, mediate, advocate, broker, and educator. As a social worker, in the work, that we do go a long way in helping client achieve their goal weather they are short term or long term we have to do whatever it take to make sure our clients are treated with the up-most respect. When a social worker deal with someone who has been assault they have to deal with outsider also and it can make it hard on the victim. Because the victim have to re-live the whole thing all over again so many time they just sit back and deal with the problem the best way they know how by just leashing out at the world for no reason. Being the victim trying to pick up the piece and move forward can be one of the hardest things to do because they feel as if they have the weight of the world on their shoulder. They just have to be strong and not show anyone what’s really going on inside. According to The Canadian Press (2014), the most common reasons for not reporting were shame and embarrassment, fear of the offender and lack of confidence in the justice system. While 53 per cent of participants stated that they were not confident in the police, two-thirds stated that they were not confident in the court process and in the criminal justice system in general, the study says. Par ticipants cited ongoing, long-term effects of being attacked, including depression, difficulties with trust and forming relationships, and anxiety, fear and stress. The women described a number of means of coping with effects of the trauma, both positive (such as reading, exercising, and writing in a journal) and negative (drug and alcohol abuse, self-harm, suicide attempts).The women suggested that survivors of sexual violence become informed about the criminal justice system, and know that help is available for victims and that legal proceedings can take a long time. The best way of sharing this information is through school programs and counsellors, they said (Canadian Press). There are many form of sexual assault it’s all around you just have to sit back and watch and see what is going on in people lives. Looking at the women and men in the military we don’t look at them as being victim but in reality they are victim. They are putting their lives on the line every day for us and look at what is happening to them. In the serves its their policy to not tell what happens in the field but look at how many lives are been ruin because of the way men are treating women or because of the way men or treating men. No-one deserve to be treated that way. The sergeant are up holding the men in their wrong doing telling them it ok what they are doing because no-one will never find out. No-one want to be label as a snitch because they will lose all their right and benefit and no-one will be able to provide care for their families. The men and women just have to live with this until they have a break-down in their lives and break the bond and tell what has happen to them while they were out fighting for their country. No man or women should have to feel in shame for what happen while they were serving their country. Yes there need to be stronger sentence for people who commit these type of crimes. In the U.S. Military academies, 5% of women report surviving rape every year, as do 2.4% of the men,for women abused as children, 92% of perpetrators were men, of those men who enter the Navy, 15% are perpetrators prior to their service, 28% of women in the military experienced rape during their military service. Of those women who men rape in the military, 96% of the perpetrators are U.S. military men (Sadler, Booth, Doebbeling, 2005). No one should have to lose their right because they chose to speak about the truth. Although the truth may hurt a lot of people because being assault in the service will follow you for a long time. Making it hard to truth anyone in authority. A young male 22 walk in my office and spoke and said he was gang rape and needed some help. We both sit down and I assess him on the nature of the matter of just what happen. He said, they he was walking home from a party and a group of guys pulled him into the car and drove him down a dark back road and that’s where the assault occurred. It was three guy that he recalled pulled him into the car. He said, he was scared for his life. What made the guys pull you into the car? He replied, I was dress in women clothes and when they got to the place and realize, I wasn’t a women it made them mad. To teach me a lesson the guys place a drink bottle into my rectum and begin to push with all their might. That wasn’t good enough each of the guys took turn and place there penis inside. I never imagine anything like that happening to me. I was afraid for my life they left me there to die. I was screaming but no one could hear me because we were on a dark lonely road. The cou nselor assured me that it wasn’t my fault and that I had nothing to be ashamed of. The counselor advice the young man to go to the doctor so he can get himself checked out. While at the hospital the police officer pulled up on the scene and gather some background information on what had happen. The guy went into detail and told the officer what happen. The counselor ask the young man would he be interested in seeking professional help and he replied yes. The counselor made come called and got him place in outpatient care. The counselor ask him some personal question. He said, as you know I am a man trapped into a woman body. The counselor asked are you sexually active and he replied no I am not. Did they use any type of protection you use protection he replied, I don’t know. The counselor said make sure you get yourself checked for sexually transmitted disease. The counselor reassured him that it was not his fault that he didn’t do anything wrong. In order for y ou to heal you will need to get set up in individual counselling and group therapy. You must be willing to talk with family and friends and let them know what you are going through. You must learn to let your feeling out and get involved in positive things and start setting goal in your live to help you get back on the right track. Talk to family and friend because they want judge you because at this point in your life you need all the support you can get. The counselor let him know that this wouldn’t be an easy journey. After all he went through time will heal all wounds. No-one can take the pain away after all the therapy, he did gain his self-respect. In conclusion I provide insight on sexual assault and how it effect people in many ways. Most people don’t like talking about sexual assault because it makes them feel dirty and ashamed, but they must realize it wasn’t their fault. As a social worker it is our job to help reassure the victims that everything will be alright. If you know of anyone that has been sexual assault my advice is to please get the proper help so you don’t have to live in fear. The healing only start when you are ready to tell your story. Reference Behere PB, Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Mulmule AN. (2013). â€Å"Sexual abuse in women with special reference to children: Barriers, boundaries and beyond. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55316. www.candianapress. Denmark, F., Paludi, M.A. (2010).Victims of Sexual and Abuse: Resources for Individuals and Families. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Kirst-Ashman, K.K., Hull, G.H., jr. (2012). Understanding Generalist Practice (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Sanderson, C. (2004). The Seduction of Children: Empowering Parents and Teachers to Protect Children from Child Sexual Abuse. London: Sherri, K. (2012). Encountering the Victim of Sexual Assault. Clinician Reviews. University of Buffalo. (2014, September 5). Past sexual assault triples risk of future assault for college women. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 17, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140905152947.htm Wiley. (2014, October15). Risk factors for sexual assault identified, including age, alcohol ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 17, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141015092243.htm