Judgement Day

â€Å"First of all, let me apologise for our pathetic performance against Crystal Palace. Enough has been said about that already, and now we must focus positively on this afternoon's match. It's a game we must win, and then keep or fingers crossed about the eventual outcome. I don't want to think about the unthinkable. † The colourful, shiny programme I held in my hands trembled as I read this. It was from the weekly interview with the Portsmouth F. C. manager, Graham Rix. It sounded a long way away from the cool and collected manager, who had denied all problems and remained optimistic until this day. For you see, this was no ordinary day, no ordinary Saturday match for the inhabitants of the bustling south coast city of Portsmouth. This was like something out of a cheesy American movie. It was the last day of the season and, as they had been forced to do four times in the last six years, Portsmouth had to win to stay in the division. It was their own fault really, as many a Pompey fan would admit. They had spurned their chance to escape this last day nerve-jangler only three days prior to this momentous day. The chance had arisen when they played Crystal Place, the team one place below them, the place feared by managers and fans alike, the final relegation place. It had been a cold, damp night at Fratton Park, and yet still, the Pompey faithful wore only the shimmering blue and gold shirt, onto which, the Portsmouth badge was stitched. They had turned out in there hoards, believing this would be the night when our troubles came to an end, and after which we could relax, safe in the knowledge that we would remain in Division One for at least one more year. It was evident as the match kicked off that all was not well, as Palace stroked the ball around the park with ease, confident in their own surviving ability. This confidence paid off, and, within the first ten minutes of the match they had scored. They kept going, and by half time they were leading the uncomfortable looking ‘royal blues' 3-0. The rot continued, and despite a bright spell of ten minutes, in which they clawed it back from the brink to 3-2, the final score was one of woe for Portsmouth. The match finished 4- 2, with Portsmouth playing abysmally, and giving themselves a severe up hill struggle, needing to win by two or more goals on the last day, against a strong Barnsley team, whilst also counting on Crystal Palace or Huddersfield to lose. The crestfallen fans trudged home, pouring into the gloomy streets, no doubt feeling as bad as the dire weather. There were mutterings of discontent all over the town, about the manager, about the team, and most worryingly, about the future. It was obvious to me, from his emotional spill in the programme, that Rix had also felt this bitterness as he left the stadium. It was this I hoped, as I moved along with the surging mass of blue, that would keep us up, that finally we had a manager who cared about the team, not just his bank account. I noticed that, alike the sea of friends I did not know, I had been overtaken by a strange numbness, a sort of hollowness, which rendered me unable to speak or sing along with the rest. As I handed my ticket to the collector upon entering the lower east KJC stand, he seemed to notice my nervousness, and gave me a wink or reassurance, and told me it would be ok. This went a great deal to settling my nerves, but it was not nearly as soothing as the great roar that greeted me, as I stepped out from the stairs to find my seat, sifting through the cheering fans. It was quite simply breath taking; in all my life I am unable to recall another time when I had received such a rush of adrenaline. After taking to my seat I soon joined in with the familiar chants that had graced the ground for decades before, and lost my already quivering voice in the process. Then, the place went silent, as our chairman, Milan Mandric came out of the tunnel, looking as anxious as we all felt. He made a speech, which reverberated over the ancient tannoy, shaking the stands. He reassured us that this team was his heart, and we, were his blood. We were, in his eyes, the best followers he could have hoped for, and he then thanked us for coming, and made his way up the stairs of the stand, and sat down among the fans, much to their delight. The team then crossed the threshold of the tunnel, and entered the hallowed turf of Fratton Park to a standing ovation. It was the biggest game of their lives, but they did not show it, warming up as usual, and signing autographs for the children. Then, as they stripped from their training kits to reveal the kit, that every young boy from the area dreams of putting on, the ground seemed to take on an eerie silence. This continued for a few more minutes right up to the start of the match, when only then it was broken by the referees whistle, signifying one of the most important games in the history of the club, and certainly the most important in my short lifetime. This was it! This was the match! All of 16,000 people, the capacity crowd at Fratton Park held their breath, said their prayers, and hoped that after the ninety minutes had ended they would be cheering again. As the whistle sounded the crowd exploded into noise, with the fans hollering out the traditional morale boosting songs, unique to Portsmouth. Barnsley didn't know what hit them. From the start they faced wave after wave of attack from the blend of youth and experience that was the Portsmouth team, most of which broke onto the defensive rock that was Darren Barnard, the Welsh international. Then, as time went on the constant pressure applied from Portsmouth began to show, the lackadaisical Matt Appleby pondered too long on what to do next and was caught in possession by the energetic local boy, Gary O'Neil. He powered his was down the wing, and swung in an accurate, curling cross. This was met by the huge frame of die-hard Portsmouth fan and player Lee Bradbury, who powered the Blues into the lead by steering the ball past the hapless keeper, Kevin Miller, into the net. Before the ball had even touched the floor the crowd were on their feet, sheer jubilation running through them, as they hugged strangers, and friends alike. They could sense something special was on the way. I leapt up from my seat, throwing my programme to the floor, and cheered all I could, losing my voice, which I had only just regained. Among the crescendo of clapping and cheering the game had already started again. There was a buzz among the crowd, as the players in blue seemed to swarm the ill-fated Barnsley defence, pouncing on every mistake. After a swift attack in which Barnsley committed many men forwards, Portsmouth broke, tearing up the field, sweeping the ball from left to right. Lee Sharpe came up with it, on the left flank, and violently lashed it centrally, towards the advancing run of Gary O'Neil. The wayward defence watched, as he cut through them expertly, until he had a clear chance at goal. I was amazed at his composure, as most experienced players would, by now, just have belted it goal bound and hoped for the best, but O'Neil calmly and collectedly dinked the ball over the advancing keeper, and landed it in the far corner of the goal, where it rolled over the line. The crowd again detonated a chorus of cheers and clapping. O'Neil ran over to the crowd in celebration, and was instantly mobbed by the devotees, who were restrained by the stewards, who themselves were in a jubilant mood. All around me I could see happy faces, it was not their dream come true, but their nightmare vanquished, and I revelled with them in delight. It was, in hindsight, a little presumptuous of us though, to have celebrated already, as there was still another half to go. The first half in fact drew to a close with the booking of Bruce Dyer, who was beginning to get frustrated by the constant badgering from the home supporters. At half time the multitude of persons arose, and filed off, to get their customarily dodgy half time snack, of pies, tea and chocolate. Whilst down there though, many people began cheering, for what seemed like no reason, but then it was made public over the tannoy that at that specific moment in time both Huddersfield and Palace were losing, and if all stayed as it was we would stay up. Still, I was worried, football is a cruel game, and Portsmouth had been known for conceding late goals, costly ones. As I stepped back out onto the terracing I glanced around at the surroundings. It was an ocean of blue, shone upon by the sun, on a hot May afternoon. It all seemed calm, all problems washed away, knowing that we were all in this together, and that, come rain or shine, we always would be. It was a touching moment I can assure you. The next half continued as the first half finished, which was brilliant from our point of view, as we had been playing out of our socks for the first 45 minutes. The players had obviously deliberately not been told about the results elsewhere, as they still set about their task with a great sense of urgency, giving their all. The more and more we attacked the more defiant Barnsley became, and soon the constant failure of all of Portsmouth's attacks began to frustrate some of the Portsmouth players. What happened next horrified the Pompey faithful, as an off the ball argument soon developed into a brawl, in which Shaun Derry crudely head-butted Barnsley's captain Neil Shipperly, breaking his nose. For this pointless act of violence Derry was rightfully dismissed, and even the bluenose Portsmouth fans did not complain. Whilst Shipperly was replaced by Rory Fallon, Portsmouth adjusted their formation to cope with being a man down. There were whispers behind me that this was the changing point, and that all our good work had been undone. It was a worrying time to be a fan, and the jitteriness of the crowd returned. But my worries were soon quashed, as Portsmouth seemed not to be affected by their numerical disadvantage, and played some lovely flowing football, all applauded riotously by the fans. It was a long period of sustained build up play that led to the third goal. The ball had been played backwards, and forwards, as Portsmouth, instead of launching high balls over the top, decided to probe their opponents, and retain possession. This worked a treat, as a great link up between O'Neil and Mills put through Bradbury, who, with endless space took the ball cheekily around the keeper, and slotted the ball home, into the unguarded net. Barnsley were broken, their spirit crushed, they had been out played in every dimension and they knew it. The crowd also knew it, and sung out in great approval, as the minutes passed by at a snail's pace. After what seemed like an eternity the referee began to look down at his watch. At this the Portsmouth fans prompted him by whistling to a deafening pitch, and after two more minutes of this the referee, who had performed well, blew for time. For a second there was silence, an aura of disbelief swept over the stands. I stood there taking it all in, pinching myself, aware that I had just been privileged enough to witness one of the greatest moments in the clubs' history. My train of thought was broken, by the rather poignantly apt ‘Great Escape' theme being blasted out of speakers all around the ground. The crowd got their voice back again, and scenes of celebrations soon followed. I was swept along, on a wave of euphoria with the crowd onto the pitch, where the players were lifted high above the heads of the crowd, on their shoulders. Flags were hoisted up around the ground, and the news cameras were all over the place, interviewing fans, interviewing players. I came upon one interview with the relieved Graham Rix. On one of the greatest days of my life, I stood there, listening to what he had to say, along with a great number of fans, who waited to congratulate him after. His words at first were serious, stating, that ‘this would never happen again. ‘ How many times I had heard that in the last six years. But there was something about this man, something different. He cared. We all knew it, and we all knew that he would do everything in his power to keep his promise. His next words struck a particular chord with me, and have stuck with me ever since. His face changing from one of happiness to one of ambition, as his delivered his final words, ‘just think how those fans would have reacted if we could really give them something to celebrate! ‘

Explain These Terms Essay

†¢ Speech – A method of verbally communicating to explain needs, wants, emotions in an articulated manner †¢ Language – A method of communicating either in a verbal or written manner structured in an understandable manner to express the persons point †¢ Communication – A method of expressing feelings, opinions, or information using either verbal or non verbal structures e.g. body language or facial expressions †¢ Speech, language, and communication needs – Shows ways in which an individual may need help to communicate by either formulating sentences or using sounds to create words in order to get there feelings or opinions across. This will show which areas they require help in order to have a full method of communicating. 1. Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children’s development †¢ Learning – Speech, language and communication enables a child to develop a understanding of the world by being able to ask questions to build opinions but also an understanding. It also allows them to build there own relationships and share information. This makes them able to express emotion and develop ideas which allow them to solve problems. †¢ Emotions – Being able to express emotions through speech, language and communications enables a child to build confidence and a self esteem to become who they want to be. By developing their communication it means that the child also understands what are socially acceptable standards and the social norms of how to show the emotions. E.g. it is acceptable for a toddler to throw a temper tantrum in the street due to tiredness but when the individual grows up it is not socially acceptable so this enables them to develop manners of expressing emotions without crying or having a strop. †¢ Behaviour – Children are able to use their speech, language, and communication skills to help them understand right and wrong. By doing this it enables them to understand what they have done wrong and the consequences for their actions. An example of this could be understanding the word no and naughty. †¢ Social – Being able to use speech, language, and communication in a social way will allow them to make friendships. By gaining friendships they will also learn an understanding of how people like to be treated. Using language in a social aspect allows children to learn new things but also allows them to learn off other

Barbarians and Roman Civilisation

Barbarians and Roman Civilisation The debate surrounding the extent to which the Barbarians facilitated the disappearance of Roman civilisation in the years 376AD to 496AD is one that has been contested throughout history. The arguments can be divided into two major schools of thought. Firstly, Henri Pirenne’s, ‘ Pirenne Thesis’ [1] , which postulates the Barbarians did not facilitate for the disappearance of Roman civilisation and culture, with Roman society continuing after the breakdown of central authority. Pirenne asserts the Barbarian’s sought to benefit from the established Roman civilisation, and thus strove to preserve the Roman way of life. Conversely, the eminent Bryan Ward-Perkins -archaeologist and professor at Oxford University- hypothesises in his magnum opus , ‘ The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization’ the argument: Germanic people instigated the ‘end of civilisation’ for almost one thousand years, characterised by â€Å"social, econom ic and technological regression.† [2] I believe, it’s undeniable to determine that numerous areas of the former Western Empire suffered detrimental changes to their quality of life at the hands of the Barbarian tribes. Nevertheless, evidence shows an abundance of continuity across the former Western Empire following the Germanic incursions, with society progressing in Barbarians cities such as Marseille [3] . Therefore, when assessing the extent to which the Barbarians facilitated for the disappearance of Roman Civilisation; one must determine on a case-by-case basis with no overarching answer conclusively possible. Although, it appears for the majority of the former Western Empire that society progressed, characteristically Roman, but slowly transformed into a Germanic-Romano society, reinforced prominent primary and contemporary sources. One example of the â€Å"supposed regression† that Ward-Perkins uses to develop the idea of the fall of Roman civilisation is the collapse of literary sophistication [4] which characterised the Empire. Ward-Perkins argues the literary record of the ‘Dark Ages’ was not as comprehensive and sophisticated as the period of Roman authority that preceded it. When assessing whether Romanic literary culture survived, or in fact developed, the most utilitarian surviving material is the primary source of eight court charters from Lombardy and Merovingian France. These documents provide an unrivalled primary source for evaluating if Romanic literary culture survived. The Merovingian documents illuminate that of 138 subscribers 73.2% managed to sign the document themselves. [5] With only 37 not being able to sign and therefore assumed ‘illiterate’ we can see an exceptionally high literacy rate. The documents also highlight the demographics of the signatories allowing us to see indisputably, 53 out of the literate 101 were traditional laymen. [6] Of course, this statistic cannot be conc lusive of the entire former Western Empire, but is an indicator that decades after the sacking and formal Germanic occupation a culture of literacy did not irrefutably fall, and in places such as Merovingian France it undeniably developed. Subsequently, this primary source supports Henri Pirenne, who asserted, â€Å"There was an extensive and mostly literate Merovingian lay culture [under Clovis I.]† [7] However, as much as these primary documents aid Pirenne’s argument, in equal regard, they retract, supporting the argument that one cannot provide an overarching answer, assisting Ward-Perkins’ overall regression claims. The first reason why the source is disputable in its substance is those called to sign attendance were innately from the higher echelons of society, even at upper lay level [8] , where literacy was more common than across the general population spectrum. Analysing the equivalent primary documents of Lombard Italy, the number is nowhere near a s impressive, considering that of 988 signatories only 326 [9] could sign their name. Despite representing 633 of the signatures, only 14% of laymen managed to sign with 554 instead having to use the stamp. The value of this Pro-Pirenne source is retracted further when considering that Lombard women were excluded from signing, allowing us to assume immediately that 50% of the population was inherently illiterate. Subsequently, this primary source provides a clear level of understanding into the nature of post-Roman literacy. Nevertheless, it must be ascertained that the documents can’t be treated overly conclusive due to their incomplete nature, and as they only show a localised picture.   Moreover, the documents suggest arguably the most conclusive argument, pockets of Romanic civilisation in the field of literacy continued to excel, whereas others regressed following the fall of Rome. It must be acknowledged since only a modicum of documents survived they cannot be wholly representative of the population, coupled with the fact, not everyone would have been called to sign a during their life. These people were the lowest on the social hierarchy; as a feudal society and due to the nature of the time it’s overwhelmingly likely that the majority of the population would remain illiterate. Overall, this primary source appears to be mostly useful as it mirrors the trends of many other facets of ‘Roman life’ that can be proved more conclusively with France flourishing, culturally and economically whereas other regions, especially in Italy [10] . There is evidence, in line with the ‘Pirenne Thesis’ suggesting society did not back track, seen in Merovingian France, with Gregory of Tours’ ‘ Historia Francorum ,’ [11] allowing us to see literary sophistication surviving 108 years after the fall of Rome. Yet, concurrently supporting Ward-Perkins as there is evident disparity across the Empire, from writ ten sophistication, down to technical regression, with the reduction of documents written on Papyrus paper; seen by the fact that 7 th century Italy only has eight surviving Papyrus documents, only one originating from Rome. [12] Therefore, allowing us to see that even though the upper classes are still literate they’re producing less material of the prowess that characterised the empire. Similarly, for the subordinate classes the lack of evidence makes it impossible to formulate a broad conclusion for large areas of the former Western Empire. On the surviving information, available the evidence would suggest the ‘Pirenne Thesis’ as the most convincing argument when analysing literacy in the former Western Empire, as it appears broadly, a literary culture survived. Many contemporary historians promote the view of the Barbarian as, lacking refinement being â€Å"primitive, ignorant, brutal, rapacious, destructive and cruel.† [13] Emphasising the idea, Roman civilisation was extinguished suddenly and brutally: â€Å"Roman civilization did not pass peacefully. It was assassinated.† [14] Which I do not agree with; rather I align with Pirenne who affirms the Barbarians found it advantageous to embrace the culture. [15] The Primary source, Sidonius Apollinaris promotes in his letters [16] the ‘civilised Barbarian’, the Visigoth King, Theodoric II. Apollinaris presents Theodoric with a lengthy description describing him as a man of prestige and celestial reverence, with the masculine grandeur avowing â€Å"If there is a miss through either’s error, your vision will mostly be at fault, and not the archer’s skill.† Yet still possess a fair complexion â€Å"often flush, but from modesty, and not from anger.† From Apollinaris’ description, we see Theodoric as the ideal ‘Tertullian’ [17] nobleman, an embodiment of Western Culture; which Theodoric II unequivocally strove to fit, a blend between the philosophically methodical and the compassionate. [18] We can see that Apollinaris’ epistle is a valuable source for analysing whether the Barbarians continued Roman ideals, due to contextual factors. Firstly, Theodoric strove to preserve Roman civilization like his father, as they saw Frankish culture as subordinate to Roman due to the ‘admirable’ ideals Roman culture presented. Their determination to preserve roman culture can be seen at the Battle of Chà ¢lonswhere they fought alongside the Romans to force Attila out of North-Eastern France. Despite being the (illegitimate) grandson of Alaric I, under Theodoric I, Frankish-Barbarian culture became interconnected with the Romans. As they were pivotal to Roman victory upon Theodoric’s II succession he was engulfed into the higher strata of Romanic civilisation having gained acclamation defending Romanic culture against rival Barbarian empires. Therefore, when evaluating the source, we can see from Theodoric’s territories, despite the loss of a centralised government in 476AD, the region remained Roman in nearly every sense of the word, only through decades of gradual attrition long after the fall of Rome that the region itself stopped identifying as ‘Roman’, evolving into a Gallo-Romano society. Theodoric produced a myriad of geometric and stonework motifs [19] in Carcassonnea promoting continuity between Rome and the reign of Theodoric II, showing Roman civilisation surviving. Despite Apollinaris’ sheer idealisation of Theodoric, we can see that the description isn’t just propaganda comparable with Tacitus’ ‘ Germania’ [20] , but, rather an astute analysis of Theodoric’s character. We can see this as Apollinaris outlines Theodoric wanting to represent a Roman man but falling short, he embraced Christianity to preserve Roman civilisation; however, it was apparent his prayers were â€Å"mo re in habit than in convicted assiduity†. Subsequently, it’s undeniable to determine that despite the sources amplification, it’s credible in its material; a criticism suggesting Theodoric wasn’t a convicted Christian would send him into a bout of rage. However, the suggestion he was almost so civilised as for him to be ‘Roman’ should be taken lightly as despite his appreciation of culture and art, he obtained the throne by the murdering elder brother Thorismund [21] . Gibbon stated: â€Å"he justified this atrocious deed by the design which the heir-apparent formed of violating his alliance with the empire.† [22] Therefore, regardless of the good nature to Theodoric’s crime, defending the Empire, he violated the principles of being ‘Roman’. In Theodoric’s Visigoth kingdom, it’s clear to see Romano culture surviving, only after gradual attrition, evolving. Therefore, we see both Pirenne and Ward-Perkin s coming through; Pirenne could clearly assert that culture here did survive before transforming into a Gothic kingdom. This source validates the argument of Ward-Perkins, it’s clear despite the attempts made by Theodoric to maintain a level of Roman culture; it was incompatible with the average Barbarian who had little interesting in preserving Romanness dating back to the tribe of Theodoric’s grandfather sacking Rome in 410AD. Theodoric’s Roman ideals were not shared by the upper echelons of the Frank society, seen by the fact he was assassinated only a few years after taking the throne by brother Euric. It’s possible to see the shift (or, perceived shift) in civilisation from Roman control to Barbarian through the primary source, the Bishop of Chaves, Hydatius. Hydatius’ ‘The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana ‘ [23] provides the only extensive account of Spanish history through the fifth century. Hydati us states that post-Roman Gallaecia was, â€Å"A wretched place to live, the inhabitants: cold, inhospitable and brutishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Despite the mineral wealth, the place had a vile reputation for brigandage and ruinous tribal warfare.† [24] Hydatius allows us to see the transition from peaceful times the emergence of a Germanic kingdom, following 411AD and, Vandal and Suevi invasions there’s a drop in the variety of sources used by the Churchman. Hydatius was forced to live within an isolated Roman community constantly threatened by the barbarian presence [25] , subsequently Germanising the region facilitating for a cultural revolution. The complexity of the Chronicle is replaced by uncertainty; Hydatius makes no secret of the fact that the Barbarians that facilitated for the loss of sophistication in his work. Following the death of John of Jerusalem in 417AD, all Hydatius could ascertain was that an â€Å"elderly man† took over the bishopric, despite it b eing well known outside Northern Spain that Praylius had been occupying the role for several years. Due to the Barbarian occupation, we see clear gaps in the information the source presents. Hydatius knows after the expulsion of Nestorius from Constantinople, Flavian became the Patriarch (447-449); but gives no indication that he knew of either man who occupied the role from 431-447AD, Maximian and Proclus [26] . Subsequently, we see an undeniable decline under Germanic occupation regressing from fluid streams of communication with Flavius Aetius to uncertainty; reinforcing the argument that Barbarian’s facilitated the disappearance of Roman civilisation in the years 376AD to 496AD. However, akin to many characteristics of the period, the answer appears to be somewhere in the middle, which becomes apparent due to Hydatius’ source limitations. Hydatius is intrinsically anti-German due to their forceful occupation of his land and therefore he demonises them at every op portunity. It’s perspicuous that the Chronicle was never intended for anyone outside Spaniards, potentially even Galicia. [27] Despite being a one-of-a-kind account of Barbarian’s in Spain, Hydatius is prone to exaggerating the occupations impacts. The barbarian entry in 409AD was undoubtable an event which made an impact, but not a resounding one, with chroniclers such as Count Marcellinus passing over it with silence, but to Hydatius it was an event of equal significance to the Sack of Rome. Delusion expected of a man who â€Å"fully expected the world to end within fifteen years† [28] . One of the reasons why Hydatius’ source is not conclusive of Germanic Spain is due the contrast between Hydatius’ meagre knowledge of the world, compared with the other letters and sources coming out of Spain synchronously. We can see that during the period of 468-483AD, when the times were more tumultuous, encompassing the fall of Rome we can see that communica tion between the Rome and Mà ©rida was frequent and fast. This consequently, suggests the rest of Spain was not so cut off from civilisation and the Romanic world. There are many communiquà ©s addressed to Zeno, the Bishop of Mà ©rida from Pope Simplicius, with one reading â€Å"We have learned from the report of many† [29] , about Zeno’s excellent administration. Therefore, it can be deduced that many travellers reported the ecclesiastical conditions in Southern Spain, Simplicius bears no hint of anticipating any difficulties in sending confidential letters outlining his ambitions to a distant land that Hydatius had marked as ‘Barbaric.’ Correspondingly, the metropolitan bishop, and the Pope years prior to Hydatius, referred to North-Western Spain as the edge of the world and â€Å"an extreme part of the earth† [30] , it is subsequently no surprise that Cape Finisterre was believed to the furthest west point on Earth. Therefore, the hypothesis that the Barbarians alone were responsible for the lack of communication is not a conclusive one, despite it being true that the reach of the sources decreased; there was a reason why for centuries the Greeks referred to the land as â€Å"mountainous, cold and hard to reach.† Subsequently, supporting the argument that despite what Hydatius said appearing mostly true, when considering the entire Western Empire, the account is microcosmic. Reinforcing the idea that in certain areas, life carried on as normal, whereas in other places, such as Galicia, the status-quo Romanic culture was replaced by the new Germanic one. For the majority of people in Spanish lands communication does not seem to be affected, referenced by the dozens of surviving letters between Tarragona and Rome (463-465AD) with, in the many qualms raised, communication never even being implied. When assessing whether Roman Civilisation ‘disappeared’ or not, one of the most compelling arguments fro m both Ward-Perkins and Pirenne is centred on the post-Roman economy. Henri Pirenne’s ‘Thesis’ has spearheaded the argument suggesting continuity with the Roman economic model. The ‘Thesis’ establishes that Mediterranean trade in 600AD was no different to that of 400AD taking the stance that the Germanic invasions did not destroy the unity that the ancient Mediterranean world had enjoyed [31] . This perception of continuity has stemmed debate, especially considering Pirenne’s Thesis is heavily reliant upon written evidence [32] ,   Looking at the archaeology along with the written sources is pivotal to comprehending the post-Roman economy and the role the barbarian invasions played; thus, Ward-Perkins’ provides a convincing argument. Extensive settlements such as Marseille are communities that had significant populations supported by excellent archaeological records, enabling the most rounded view on the extent to which Barbarian s facilitated the disappearance of Roman Civilisation. As preluded, one such case study mentioned by both Ward-Perkins and Pirenne is Marseille, a site which has been extensively excavated enabling for detailed accounts of Late Antique Marseille to be presented. Ward-Perkins incorporates the evidence of professor Simon Loseby, accredited for the most vigorous excavation and analysis of Marseille into his work, Ward-Perkins believes, ‘Marseille may have been particularly well-placed to ride, even to turn back, a tide of events whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was pushing ahead the process of urban and economic decline. [33] ‘ This conclusion is possible due to examination of both written and archaeological evidence; pinpointing the fact that Marseille continued as a trading centre centuries after 476AD through examination of the ceramic material available there. [34]    It appears Marseille was able to continue as a part of the pan-Mediterranean trading network until at leas t the end of the sixth century.   It’s also noted that Marseille had its own mint, capable of producing copper and gold coinage, suggesting that Marseille had an economic hegemony on the surrounding area [35] .   Thus, Marseille’s image is not simply of a city that endured Barbarian rule, but rather one that progressed.   This view is emphasised in written sources too, seen from the Bishop of Tours, presenting a thriving cosmopolitan city, stimulated by the perpetual flow of merchants, diplomats and churchmen [36] . Conclusively, Marseille undoubtedly avoided economic decline under the rule of the barbarians and from the contextual evidence available the Roman way of life appear does not appear to vanish from the city; collateral to, neighbours Arles. However, Marseille is an isolated case study.   In this instance, the barbarians appear to have had a very small role in the end of the Roman world, Marseille is not representative of the sit uation many found themselves in after the barbarian invasions.   What it shows through archaeology was that the invasions were not universally detrimental as in some areas, Barbarians sought to use Roman institutions for profit, promoting continuity between the Romans and Barbarians. This is where the differentiation between Ward-Perkins and Pirenne comes in. Across the former Empire, evidence suggests a general decline in standards of living. Ward-Perkins actively pursues the idea that the period following 476AD was one of a ‘dramatic move away from sophistication toward much greater simplicity’. [37] He reinforces this stance by through an examination of pottery and coinage, seen through the existence of luxury, but a substantial middle and lower goods market. [38]    Ward-Perkins also establishes a pattern of reduced pottery and coinage production, across the former Empire in from 476 until the fourteenth century [39] .   Where the ‘Pirenn e Thesis’ falls short compared to Ward-Perkins is the fact that Ward-Perkins recognises cities such as London and Marseille flourished following the collapse of Imperial power, whilst other economic centres collapsed. Wherever the Barbarians didn’t see profit, they laid siege destroying the societies civilisation, seen from the economic damage left to industries such as farmland, and the loss of citizens either through capture or violence.   Evidence of the Barbarian trail of destruction can be seen from the sack of Mainz all the way to Toulouse and into Spain.   It may be unfair to criticise Pirenne exceedingly, as Ward-Perkins had the best part of seventy years’ extra research available following Pirenne’s posthumously published ‘Thesis’. Considering the information Pirenne had in the 1920s he provides a detailed, accurate analysis of Mediterranean trade and Roman Civilisation. But, when we add the years of development, with w idespread archaeological analysis, predominantly a post-World War II development; in the Mediterranean and Central/Western European we see a new light. Thus, we are able to come to the conclusion that whilst areas of the former Western Empire fell into a state of economic devastation, other areas improved, rising to new heights under Barbarian occupation. In conclusion, whilst the Barbarians catalysed the ending of the most vast and complex institution in the ancient world, the notion they conclusively marked the end of civilisation in the west for a thousand years is a claim that does not stand true conclusively.   There is undoubtable evidence to suggest that after the occupation of the Empire by the barbarian peoples, the systems implemented by the Romans were still in place, and that both the administrative [40] and day to day status quo remained largely unchanged for over two hundred years. Archaeological and literary evidence suggests, after the Barbarian invasions i ndividual provinces and communities continued to carry out daily life in much the same way that they had done in the later days of the Empire the early seventh century. Following the Barbarians penetration of the empire it’s undeniable that certain tribes sought to ruthlessly destroy, as can see be in Pesaro and Fano in Italy which had their walls destroyed and internal structures burnt to the ground. [41] Milan too, where the Milanese women and children were enslaved and the men all killed [42] . But, there were clear examples of the preservation of Roman culture as we can see through case studies such as Marseille, and Barbarian kingdoms originally characterised by their Roman way of life. Leading to the assertion that the extent to which Roman civilisation survived depended on where you happened to live. Predominantly, Romanic culture appears to continue for decades after the first crossing of the Danube by the Barbarians, the period of Germanic rule ushered â€Å"a time of narrowing horizons, strengthening local roots, and consolidating old loyalties.† [43] Bibliography

"Development is only concerned with the economic growth of a Essay

"Development is only concerned with the economic growth of a country" discuss - Essay Example Another aspect of development concerns the policies and programs to deliver services to members of a society. It may also be measured through business strategies for a given economy such as offering finance and expansion of the markets for produced goods. The primary objective of economic development is to ensure the improvement of society members’ well-being through strategies that involve job creation, improvement of quality of life, and improve government revenue. In most developed economies, several of the aforementioned factors exist in major sectors (International Economic Development Council 3). Economic development and growth vary. Usually, they are measured based on the effects that they create on the population (La 1). For most instances, economic growth measures a generalized increase in the levels of national income and Gross Domestic Product. The method of measurement does not cater for the quality of life of the population. Such a statement means economic growth does not measure the quality of life of the society members. It is possible to realize economic growth without economic development. The rationale for such an argument is that the latter aspect of the economy weighs human capacity development. The main human factors for this case sum to both the quality of life and the standards of living. An economy can grow without catering for aspects such as reduced illiteracy, poverty elimination, creation of sufficient goods and services among others. It would therefore, imply that the economy exploits the citizens by unfair means such as long hours of working with low payments. Sustainable development gives economic development a task of improving the qualities of lives of citizens. The approach of sustainable economic development targets an increased production of goods and services to the growing population. There was, therefore, a need that the economists devise a method that would see the dreams of economic plans. Consequently, after the

Management Development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management Development - Coursework Example In this study the Anglo Saxon and the French management development styles are explored to find the difference in their respective styles of management. For this diversity in the management style there are mainly four reasons that influence this cultural difference. Firstly, organizations with different Power distance or hierarchical structures have different power levels and thus creating a structural difference in the organization. Secondly, organizations sometimes have employees who try to avoid uncertain situations and some times have a responsible manager who ambitiously likes to tackle risks. The third factor is Individualism. With high individualism managers are more hard working takes initiatives in different actions. Finally, with high masculinity employees are very stressful and the workplaces are not very employee friendly. Based on these practices within the organization different management styles have evolved in different parts of the world (Vedpuriswar, n.d., p.1). Ang lo Saxon styles of management development The Anglo Saxons are the Germanic tribes in the east and the south of Great Britain. Migrating tribes of the German into the Britain which is now known as northern Germany mainly comprises of three types of people i.e. Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. Anglo-Saxon countries have many similarities between the British and Canadian, US-American and also Australian cultures of business strategies. The main reason behind this similarity is due to the reason of immigration of all these countries are from the same origin Great Britain. Because of this reason the language spoken by these countries are also same to some extent. In Anglo-Saxon culture of business it is mainly done through well connected network of some third party. They feel more comfortable in doing businesses with the people whom they like or they trust very well. The Anglo Saxons are generally more interested in doing business with some long term relationship rather than doing business with quick deal. While doing business they often use humors and understatements to confuse opponents which results in the delay of business. They avoid sensitive topics like religious, poor service and sexuality in their meetings or small discussion. The British culture of business is mainly hierarchical. They have a tendency of giving orders to the people who are under their power and on the other hand talking and discussing topics with the top management. The hierarchy is very strongly maintained within each organization business culture. But they like to work in teams and also they have a strong sense of fair play. With the hierarchical structure of business the employees reach a business decision but the boss or the top management is the final decision approver in this type of business organization. In this business model the functional areas of finance, accountancy and the law department are most valued of all. Thus it results in underrepresentation of technical qualification of people even if they are managers of the firms. In Anglo Saxon business organization status of the R & D departments are very lower. They believe in on the job training system for their organization rather than educational

Environment and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment and society - Essay Example However, this may not affect the general public. Unhealthy AQI, 150 t0 200 (red), has an association with health effects upon the general public. Here, sensitive group members suffer more severe effects than others. Very unhealthy AQI, 201 to 300 (purple) comes with emergency conditions health warnings. This seems to affect the entire population. Maroon color (hazardous AQI- 301 TO 500) means health alert that can come with health effects upon all people. The current AQI, Friday November 01 2013 at 5:00 AM EST is good but with some moderate AQIs in some states. There are also negligible spots of â€Å"Unhealthy for sensitive groups† AQI (AirNow 1). We also have unhealthy AQI as a spot around Spokane. The forecast AQI is good with some spots of moderate AQI. The factors that could be responsible for the differences between the current National AQI and the forecast AQI could be particulate matter content of the air and the prevailing winds. The AQI loop shows a general green, good AQI with the extreme western part showing moderate AQI. The colors keep changing from time to time, but the general good, green AQI is maintained. The loop for ozone is green showing that the lower atmosphere is free of harmful ozone. PM loop although covered by green, good AQI, keeps changing in some parts. The observed difference is because ozone disruption or changes take a long time to be noticed. The AQI for Philadelphia is good with a value of 33 (AirNow 1). Current conditions are moderate with the health message to unusually sensitive people to avoid prolonged exertion. The map for ozone shows a general good condition with stability. The current PM for Philadelphia is good, but with moderate conditions to the western and southern parts. The process of carbon capture and sequestration takes place through three steps. These include capture of carbon dioxide from industrial processes and power plants (EPA 1). The captured carbon dioxide is then

Self-Reflection Component Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self-Reflection Component - Essay Example I put forth great level of effort toward completion of the project, as I am a very devoted kind of a student who believes in the attainment of objectives through resolution and perseverance. Working in a group was a totally new and fresh experience for me. I really liked working in the group, as I was able to share my ideas and perspectives with all the compromising and appreciative members of the group. All of us helped each other out, and gave positive feedback and constructive criticism to each other, and hence, although a sense of competition was there but it was very encouraging and fruitful for all of us. We communicated with each other about the goals and objectives of the project, set deadlines, and met those deadlines through willpower. I hope to work on more business related projects in future, as I have gained a lot of knowledge through this project and wish to gain more through group

Geologic Volcano Tour Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geologic Volcano Tour - Research Paper Example In addition, there are ice caves formed from the lava tubes. The eruption type occurring in Bandera is the passive kind that produces lava flows, cinder cones and small cones. The term Hawaiian eruption is used for this eruption, as it is similar to the one that formed the Hawaiian Islands and continues to form them. Moreover, the rocks formed are called basalts and are usually black in color. In the eruptions, highly explosive eruptions fragment the magma into small cinders that result in cinder cones and gas-rich alkalic basalts make foamy lava shoot very high in the air and cool as they fall, piling up to create cones of loose particles. It is after this that craters are formed from alkali basalt resulting in the Bandera crater, therefore, the volcano is currently dormant albeit with mild signs of life considering its young age. Tectonically, the Bandera Volcanic field is located along the Jemez Lineament, an area known for crustal weakness, moreover, the zone is characterized by a concentration of late-Cenozoic volcanism. The Bandera volcanic field is also located at a transition zone between the Colorado plateau with a thick crust of over 40km (New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2012). In addition, the crust of the area experiences stretching from regional tectonic forces. It is from this stretching that that produces areas of weakness in the brittle little crust allowing magma to force its way upwards and onto the surface. It is on the same Jemez lineament that forms the intersection between the Rio Grande rift and the Jemez Lineament, creating more lines of weakness for volcanic activity to take place. The rift of weakness, Rio Grande rift runs from the North to the South and serves as a means of accommodating East-West stretching of the crust. It is because of this that the entire area is covered with volcanic activity like the Zuni-Bandera crater and Mount Taylor (New Mexico Earth Matters, 2006). Economically, the volcanic site is know n for tourism activities. This is due to geological areas of interest such as the ice caves and the Bandera volcano. The area is open for all to see and visit with the areas labeled as unique and historic landmarks. It spots hiking trails that tourist can climb for a fee around the mountain to the ice caves and the mountain (Icecaves.com, n.d). Other than this, there are not other economic resources or activities suitable in the area for commercial or personal purposes. As for hazards associated with the volcano, there are few signs of a likelihood of an eruption, which makes it a relatively safe area in which to be. This is because despite its youth, there have not been any eruptions in over a thousand years. Groundwater The Antlers sandstone occurs in the in a 4400 square mile area of southeastern Oklahoma and runs parallel to the red river (Morton, 1992). The sandstone comprising the Antlers aquifer is only exposed in the northern side where groundwater runs unconfined (Hart & Da vis, 1981). The sandstone is made up of sand, clay, conglomerate and limestone deposited on Paleozoic rocks. The Antlers sandstone and cretaceous rocks underlie the Gulf Coast Plain Physiographic Province in an area that is mostly plain and is drained by the Red River and some of its major tributaries. The sediments mentioned from the Antlers Sandstone are representative materials that originate from the shoreline sea that

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Writer's choice - Essay Example Women have for long suffered the effects of such atrocities since it is almost acceptable that they deserve the demeaning treat. You are then left to wonder what driving force must have marshaled such devastating thought (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar, 174-175). Much is already known that has been done to discriminate against the woman, however the question stays; that what is this that has consequentially led to such a looming crisis which unfortunately doesn’t seem to go soon? This leaves us with this inevitable task of crisscrossing the fundamentals amounting to gender biases. This underlying conception turns out to be a belief system set by the society. It is by the societal branding that women play such a demeaning role of subjects to all mannerisms. This in effect lowers their esteem which eventually makes them live in a sense of denial. It is kind of a bias that acts like an undue punishment that a negative yet lasting results. I may liken this to a classroom scenario that involves a teacher and a student. The teacher who keeps on giving negative remarks when the student answers a question, would make this student believe that they aren’t good enough to race on with the rest (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 174). Few examples in real life situation back up this topic. One, it is evident that men play most leading roles in formal organizations and structures. In top management hierarchies, there is male domination on a global scale based on detailed observation of their profiles. The converse is unfortunately true that the female sex dominates the lower level ladders of such hierarchies. This overwhelming population at the lower ranks is to compensate for their biasness in the top hierarchy; which again gives a misconception of gender balance (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 176). Unfortunately this undoing also is also reported in most of the cases in homes. Couples have yet more often confirmed that gender biasness and

The effect of Mass Media on Globalization Essay

The effect of Mass Media on Globalization - Essay Example media and commercialization of the global television has led to the widespread usage of cable and satellite channels that have in turn promoted globalization and free exchange of ideas. The turning point for globalization has been the development of optic fibers, electromagnetic waves, and geo stationary communication satellites that enabled the transmission of complete and uninterrupted messages and signals. These developments account for the modern era whereas back in the 18th and 19th century, globalization relied on the postal services, telegrams and later, amateur versions of phones and faxes. These were the mechanical advancements and then came the idea and implementation of the global codification that has turned the world into a global village where everything is just a click away. Where all the information is available on fingertips and anything, anywhere can be easily accessed anytime which is bliss, yet a concern for the privacy of the masses (Potter, 2012). The ideology of the possibility of a global village was predicted and put forward by a Canadian theorist, Marshall Mcluham in 1960. Though it seemed almost impossible back then, globalization has propagated and spread its roots so deep that the world has indeed shrunk to a global village in the presence of technology. Technological advancements have not only crossed the social and territorial boundaries of the world but have also brought about huge changes in all the aspects of people’s day to day lives (Peter, 2008). All the People of the world now live together, huddled up in what seems like technological dens where they share their happiness and sorrows with one another and be there 24/7 not hindered by the weather conditions or any other issues as came across in the past. They learn from each other’s inventions, researches and discoveries and keep themselves updated regarding the happenings of the world each second. It has become possible because of the media that enables the people to

The Structure of the United Nations Essay Example for Free

The Structure of the United Nations Essay The structure of the United Nations is based around its charter. The charter of the UN defines six main organs of the new world body, each with specific tasks and functions. The six main organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The General Assembly has the right to discuss, debate, and make recommendations on a range of subjects pertaining to international peace and security, including human rights, international law, and peaceful arbitration between disputing nations. General Assembly is the only part of the United Nations that represents all 193 member states, each of which has one vote. Votes taken on important issues require a two-thirds majority of Member States. The General Assembly may elect the nonpermanent members of the Security Council and other bodies such as the Human Rights Council. Also it considers reports from the other four organs of the United Nations, assesses the financial situations of member states, and approves the UN budget. The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It can recommend the use of a blockade or other financial impositions for any nation that is deemed as breaking international law. If these do not work, then the Security Council can call on the United Nations to use military force to enforce its will. The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. The permanent five are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The remaining Security Council members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. Each member of the Security Council is given one vote and the votes of nine members are needed for action to be taken. All five permanent members have to agree with the course of action, which is called the veto power. The main task of the Economic and Social Council is to promote and improve the economic and social well-being of those living in the member states. This council deals with human rights and seeks to develop a greater understanding of cultures throughout the world. It basically covers the health, education, economic, social and cultural issues and the promotion of the position of women in the world. Economic and Social Council also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), thereby maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil society. Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly, one-third retiring after every three years. Retiring members are eligible for immediate re-election. All decisions of the Council are taken by a majority of those present and voting. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted by States and give advisory opinions on legal questions referred by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the General Assembly and the Security Council. It may not include more than one judge of any nationality. The Members of the Court do not represent their governments but are independent magistrates. All members of the United Nations have to agree to abide by the decisions of the ICJ.

Animal Experimentation Essay Example for Free

Animal Experimentation Essay Throughout history, animal experimentation has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefit. However, what many people tend to forget are the great numbers of animal subjects that have suffered serious harm during the process of experimentation. Many people are believed to be ignorant or misunderstand the nature of the lives that animals actually live, and are unable to understand the actual laboratory procedures and techniques. Other than the philosophical questions that arise, ethical (moral) questions are the main reason why many animal right activists want it banned in every country. Activists feel that to this day, there should be no good reason why any living thing should be subjected to this cruel punishment and unwanted torture just for serving another being’s needs. Although animal experimentation has been around for centuries, the ethical revival of realization on the moral status of animals began in the 1970’s. This problem was a few among many that had been quietly hidden for years until the 1970’s. Such movements like gaining rights for the oppressed, expressions of antiwar opinions in the U.  S. A, and the women’s liberation movement, accompanied the movement for the ending animal experimentation. The animal rights movement has grown more and more complicated through its use of strategy and has successfully brought the issue of laboratory research to the eyes of the public. All forms of media, magazines, radio, television, newspapers, have increased their exposure of animal right protests over the last several years while giving room for groups to produce their own publications. In these publications, activists constantly make the analogy between the work of abolitionists before the emancipation and the efforts of animal right activists. This analogy of racism and â€Å"speciesism† was brought about by a philosopher named Richard Ryder in 1985 and brings up the issue of research with animal subjects to be emotionally unpredictable for many people. (Sperling Susan – Applied Ethics in Animal Research Introduction pgs 4-6) One of the biggest problems and the main reason why animal experimentation should be banned is the large percentage of birth defects that occur. The difference is that humans may also a longer period of fetal development and be more sensitive to birth defects agents than other species. One example of another problem with animal experimentation are that animals can be given nicotine directly as opposed to being exposed to it as a human would for years. Another would be that stress caused by animal handling, whether it be because of lack food or water, may have adverse effects on pregnancy or its ability to mate with the opposite sex. Also these tests are too insensitive and tend to disregard learning or behavioral problems. Our plain existence can influence the behavior of animals and disturb activities such as feeding, care- giving, and mating conduct. (Cognitive and deep ethnology and the great ape project- page 82-86) There have even been laws that have been recently erected to protect the existence and safety of these animal â€Å"victims†. One law known as Kanjorski’s Law states that any substance (that is tested on an animal) that can harm a fetal embryo in development, can call the validity of the tests into question. Several factors can determine the effects on the results based on the different kind of species that are used during experimentation. The genetic difference between species can affect its ability to defend itself or a difference in the placenta may also affect the animal tests. (Birth Defect Research-Why Animal Experiments Are Not the Answer) In 1986, a German law was passed and was known as the Animal Protection Act. This act forbade experimentation of tobacco products, washing powders, cosmetics, and the testing of weapons on animals. Soon after this law was passed in Germany, many countries started to adopt the law along with new laws such as the ban on LD50 test and the Draize eye irritancy test. Ld50 is a lethal dose that painfully kills nearly 50 percent of the animals that it is injected into, and the Draize test which can cause blindness in rabbits. Places such as the UK define each limit as to having a limit that should not be succeeded, and if done so would be a criminal offense. Every decade, animal experimentation could be looked at in a different light and activists will always be there to defend animal rights. From the 1960’s to the early 1980’s, teens from eleven to seventeen tried to impress judges of science- fair competitions with cruel live animal experiments. This is just one example of how animal experimentation exists everywhere when supervision is missing. It is also about how laws are not enforced to stop such heinous acts of abuse. The usual projects that the students did were, starving animals to death, blinding the animals, mammalian surgery, and the injection of lethal substances. Although, improvements have been made to convince schools to restrict animal testing. Federal laws do not exist. Thus there are no provisions in this area that ban dissection or mistreatment, and the National Association of Biology Teachers are not responsible. However, the amendment made in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act required a group committee to review how the uses of animals were to be used in the some of the college courses at some but not all. Despite the fact that rats, mice and birds are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act, activist reform groups have just started their mission and are nowhere near the end. (Orleans, Barbara F. Ethnical Themes Governing Animal Experiments) We should make every effort to study separate animals and to learn more about their abilities to feel their torture, psychologically and physically to understand their true feelings. Hopefully in the future, we will no longer have to depend on animals to give us results on safe products. We could also be the ones chained up and experimented on by a higher being in the near future.

Use Of Torture As A Counter Terrorism Tool Criminology Essay

Use Of Torture As A Counter Terrorism Tool Criminology Essay Torture refers to subjecting intense pain and suffering to a person leading to mental and physical pain so as to obtain certain information that the person is concealing. Therefore, Levinson (p.32) concurs with most scholars that torture is the intentional infliction of pain and suffering to persons usually for a certain purpose. Torture is mainly used as a tool by the United States and other countries to cause a breakdown in the personality of suspects so that they are subdued to give certain information. The most common methods employed during torture include, severe beating, sexual assault, suffocation and electric shock among other methods. Krauthammer in his article states that it was the Bush administration that led to the birth of torture in the United States landscape. According to Krauthammer, no one, not even the executive s allowed to use torture as a tool to obtain information. He further insinuates that the information is nor normally worth the torture. Security agencies should go back to the drawing board and adapt to forensic science techniques. There is need for the police and other security agencies to be empowered through training them on how to obtain information. The UN Convention and Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions prohibit torture (Kinsley, p.1). There have been questions as to whether torture should be banned as a means of compelling persons to give certain information. Torture has had severe consequences that are far reaching from the pain that the victims feel. While we accept that terrorism is a major headache worldwide, it is imperative to consider that nobody is guilty until proven innocent. Moreover, the Human Rights law is strongly against torture as a tool used to coerce suspects to volunteer certain information. Human Rights watchdogs are always against any pain and suffering inflicted intentionally. The United States has always found itself on the receiving end with such draconian laws that have put its image on the spot light. Many people who hear about the torture stories of the survivors or victims often hold a grudge against the government. This is due to the intentional pain and suffering that the suspect is made to undergo. There is an assumption that torture save millions of lives. The major question that makes torture to be at stake is the 50-50 chance. Normally, those who torture suspects assume that they have vital information. What if they do not? The suspects would have already suffered innocently. Krauthammer has put forth certain rules that need to be followed by the United States government. Proponents of torture fear that if the United State government follows these rules to the letter, then it might find itself not torturing anybody at all. We should acknowledge the fact that we are already living with the terrorism problem and are doing nothing on a personal level to reduce terrorism. Do we need the tool of torture to reduce terrorism? The answer here is a loud, NO. Indeed, we do not need any form of torture to reduce terrorism. We can be community police who will be watching our environment on a daily basis to avert terrorism. However, torture should be used as a counter-terrorism tool whenever there is inside information leaked from terror cells regarding an impending terror attack. In this case, torture would enable the suspects who have been nabbed to volunteer certain vital information that may save more lives. In this case, torture is positive as it leads to saving more lives. Therefore, in this case, torture is warranted as a tool to ensure that information is given out by the suspects. Such classified information is usually timely to enable the security agencies to act fast towards averting potential terrorist attacks. The problem comes in when the person being tortured is an innocent person. Most of the times the security forces that inflict torture usually have a fifty-fifty chance that the person being tortured is the actual suspect. In my opinion, torture should not be used as a counter-terrorism tool since it does not acts for the best interest of the general public that live under the constant mercy of terrorists. However, I strongly suggest that the use of torture should be regulated by the international laws. The regulation of torture is key towards ensuring that as much as it is used as a tool, it remains under control so that the suspects are not killed as a result of the infliction of pain and intense suffering. It should be further noted that during the torture process, vital information is normally obtained that is core to fighting terrorism, though with a 50-50 chance of obtaining such information (Kinsley, p.33). Therefore, torture aids in obtaining such information. Critics insinuate that torture has been successfully used as a counter-terrorism tool since it has enabled the police and security agencies to make the suspects to give very important information. As such, torture is worth the task of obtaining such vital information. In addition, the United Nations Convention against Torture prohibits the use of torture as a tool in the fight against terrorism. Torture has been condemned in many states due to the adverse effects that it usually has on its victims. The United States does not support torture at least in theory. There have been various reports and even documentary pointing to the Guantanamo bay prison where it is alleged that prisoners are tortured and even killed. The latest reports indicate that terrorism suspects are usually kept in this prison facility where they are tortured to the end. Research indicates that the information obtained during the process of torture is normally worth the entire process. Most of this information is used by the law enforcement agencies as well as security agencies to form solid evidence and develop on a case. It may also be useful in averting further deaths and property damage in case of a planned or botched terrorism attack. Andrew Sullivan is a strong advocate against torture and describes torture as the exact opposite of freedom. He further states that it is the denial of freedom from humanity and the taking away of selfhood. Andrew Sullivan is therefore against the use of torture as a counter-terrorism tool. Torture has indeed been the tool that most of the security investigation teams use on victims despite the negative image that the punishment comes with. Torture creates a negative picture or image of the police and investigating teams. Hence, this raises the question as to whether the information is worth obtaining in the manner that it is obtained via the use of torture. At times, torture is subjected to the wrong victims or suspects. It is for this reason that I advocate for the government to regulate the use of torture. In my ardent opinion, torture should only be used after investigations are complete and that they point towards a particular person. Otherwise, it would be unfair to subject an innocent person to torture when in fact they know nothing about terrorism. Investigating teams have to be succinct in their work to avoid the occurrence of this kind of errors; otherwise, it would amount to massive infringement of human rights. On the other hand, Krauthammer supports torture as a tool that assists the investigating teams to obtain useful information that indeed help them to unravel certain cases of terrorism. It is obvious that terrorism is not morally right. However, where saving many lives is concerned, torture would indeed be the ultimate solution. Terrorism has been a global problem and continues to be a problem in the wake of several terrorist cells. Recommendations The government should consider using other forms of punishments or methods that would coerce suspects to give certain useful information. However, this again poses a problem as to whether the terrorist suspects will volunteer information. Most of the terrorists usually take an oath that can only be broken through the use of torture. Personality breakdown has been proven to work just right for them. According to Krauthammer (p.2), the United Nations Convention should consider monitoring the submission and administration of torture as a tool that is effective for obtaining information from terrorist suspects. This should be carried out according to the laid out plans. Conclusion The pain and suffering caused by torture are often extreme and traumatizing. In fact, there is possibility that the suspect being tortured does not have the vital information required to fight terrorism and save millions of lives. Torture obviously goes against human rights and infringes on individual rights. It has often been suggested that the torture victims usually have rights just like the other people. Human Rights Watch has been stern in discouraging this form of punishment. I therefore do not support torture.

media :: essays research papers

-Reaction Paper- Investigative Journalism Media funtions as a overseer when it use its power to expose wrong side of administrative associations. This media’s â€Å"watchdog† feature show itself with investigative journalism. Investigative Journalism has positive and negative effects above all state and private instituons. We have to look at these different aspects. Investigative journalism’s biggest positive effects is to push people work correctly and honestly who work in different instituons. Nobody wants to fall into a trap who composed by a investigative journalists and its hidden camera. Now this hidden cameras mostly using for exposing the misuse of authority or health scandals. Investigative journalism start to function as a survelliance in community in course of time. This type of journalism provides people to work right and prevents them to abuse community or the state. Investigative journalism ensure that justice is done. However there is a problem. Is investigative journalist in a right place to investigate? or does this journalists regards his self-benefits? This compose of the negative sides of the issue. When we look at media bosses in Turkey. There are portraits of people who has different kinds of corporations in industry and market. And we can’t expect that they expose their rotten sides of their corporations. Because this againsts to their self-benefits. They naturally don’t want to lose prestige and profit. So there can be a lot of wrong things which is concealed because of this media bosses self-interests. Another thing about investigative journalism is the hidden camera. This harms people’s personal rights and honours. Sometimes people who is suspicious pulled to trap by a journalist. And this is not suitable for the principles of journalism. Also hidden camera sometimes enters to private places such as houses of people. Exposing them without permission in their private place is not ethical for my opinion. In addition to this, investigative journalism generally exposes small companies which composed with small amount of money and worker. After exposing them, they can’t recover themselves and put an end their business life in the market.

Music Piracy Essay examples -- mp3 music

Music Piracy: From the Pirates Perspective I don't wear a black patch over my eye. I don't have any missing limbs, replaced by a hook or a wooden leg that clicks when I walk. I have never owned a parrot; I don't have a cool name like Black Beard or Calico Jack; I don't even have a big, black hat. Though I lack all the defining characteristics, I am a pirate. My ship is a laptop computer and my booty is not measured by dollars and cents, but by precious kilobytes. With the aide of my spy glass, the KaZaa Media Desktop, I discern my next target. Wielding my trusty mouse, I make a few clicks, issue commands, board ship, and hijack the music recording industry, claiming yet another copyrighted song as my own. My zealous desire for music began in the early nineties. I got a little CD player when I was ten, but I didn't realize its true potential until a year later, in '92, when I purchased Nirvana’s Nevermind. Even though I was too young to understand lyrics like, â€Å"travel through a tube and end up in your infection,† I was forever changed by the power chords and distortion. Enlightened, I embarked on a journey to claim more of this newfound music for myself. Scratching together loose change, along with my meager allowance, I sought out CDs by Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Stone Temple Pilots, giving up everything I saved for these musical gems. As I grew older, my CD collection expanded along with my musical taste. My CD cases grew in capacity, from 12, to 36, to 75, finally reaching 200. By the time I graduated high school, I had amassed well over 300 CDs, ranging from classic rock to bluegrass to rap. At an average price of $15 apiece, that is over $4,500; more money than I spent on my last car. This collection devoured a majo... ...be forced to pay for the 13 other unlistenable tracks? Some bands are acknowledging this problem by making their songs available on their websites and releasing enhanced CDs with video clips and interactive elements. The recording industry is finally lowering CD prices after years of declining sales, but they are not addressing new technology. By providing legal means of music downloading, the industry could profit from website advertising and from the exposure their artists would receive; not to mention the money they would save in production costs. But they can't expect to attract consumers while they are suing their target audience. The recording industry needs to rethink its methods and many artists need to reconsider their attitudes concerning their music and their fans. Until then, like many others, I will continue to sail the wide open seas of music piracy.

Australia :: essays research papers

Australia Australia is the world's smallest continent and sixth-largest country. With proportionately more desert land than any other continent, Australia has a low population density. Lying completely in the Southern Hemisphere, Australia is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the west and south and by the Pacific Ocean on the east. These oceans merge on the north in the Arafura Sea between Australia and Indonesia and New Guinea, and on the south in the Bass Strait. The coastline length, estimated at 19,200 km (12,000 mi), is remarkably short for so large an area, a result of the relative lack of indentation. Major inlets other than the Gulf of CARPENTARIA and the GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT are few. A self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia celebrated its bicentennial in 1988z. It is a federation of five mainland states (NEW SOUTH WALES, QUEENSLAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, VICTORIA, WESTERN AUSTRALIA) and one island state (TASMANIA), as well as two territories (AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY, NORTHERN TERRITORY). The country's name derives from the Latin terra australis incognita, meaning "unknown southern land," which resulted from a confusion between Australia and Antarctica on early world maps. In many ways Australia is unusual among continents. It lacks major relief features and has a high proportion of dry land. The continent's isolation from other landmasses accounts for its unique varieties of vegetation and animal life, and for the existence of a Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) culture among the Aborigines. Except for Antarctica, Australia was probably the last continent to be inhabited by humans and the last to be explored and settled by Europeans. It is the only continent comprising a single nation-state. Dutch explorers first sighted Australia in the early 17th century. Capt. James COOK explored the east coast in 1770 and claimed the land for Great Britain. In 1778 the first settlement (SYDNEY) was founded at an excellent harbor on the

Website Plan

————————————————- Website Plan ————————————————- cake shop 1220HSL (Information Systems for Services Industries) Table content Introduction This website plan is a blueprint for the website which includes background, goals, analysis of competitor websites and some other important issues in creating a website. The website is a cake shop called icake, the cake shop which offers purchase online, new advance preview, Member Services, Design cake yourself.Background to the business and business goals * Founded in 2005,our business is about innovating and creating distinctive flavors to satisfy your palate. * In recent years, we have opened several new stores, 20 varieties of cakes available to meet the needs of different consumer groups * Organizes promotional activitie s, participate in community public service, advertising on popular websites, to gain public recognition, and increase awareness to achieve the maximum business profitGoals of the website, how these fit into goals of the business The web is not just a marketing tool – it's a business tool as well. While it is perfectly okay to have an Internet billboard that simply contains contact information. Even the smallest local business can utilize the power of the Internet to be more efficient and to build revenue. * Build trust with prospects * Grow the client base * Strengthen customer loyalty * Get the jump on competitors Develop and stay â€Å"Top of Mind† * Extend your reach * Diversify: add new streams of income * Through the purchase online, We will delivered fresh and delicious cakes to your home or office, so people who busy with work or hold parties at home can be able to enjoy our cake * Advertising in the top website to let more people know * Website membership appli cation and coupons can attract more customers to shop Analysis of competitor websites strengths| weaknesses| Do not often update their websites * Payment complexPages load slowlyDo not attract customers to visit the websiteDo link with other websitesWithout Search engine| Can easy to find the products * Search engine is easy to use * The detailed about classification and description of goods| Our websites should learn the benefits of competitors and avoid their weaknesses, while also make the content is easy to understand, search engine is easy to use, purchase online products, the operation is convenient and simple, update faster. Target audience / market for website and use environments Suitable for people who works in office, students, housewife, companies and families parties * Age from 10 to 50 * Customer who likes the Internet * Customer who likes stay at home, busy at work/study and do not like cooking People can use their mobile visit website and booking. An incredible advan tage of using cell phone internet is that customer can gain the freedom of being able to work anywhere, not just from the office or from home. As long as there is an internet facility, they can use their mobile to browse, download. The number of people accessing websites of their mobile phones is increasingly rapidly.They can be given a much better user experience by following these guidelines: 1. Reduce the amount of content 2. Single column layouts work best 3. Present that navigation differently 4. Minimise text entry 5. Decide whether you need more than 1 mobile site 6. Design for touchscreen and non-touchscreen users User tasks-specific breakdown * Set tasks that are essential to the new site's success, such as: Buying products Paying bills Contacting the client * When online, people read very differently than when they're reading a book or magazine.On the Internet people try not to read until they feel they're found what they are looking for, until they reach the content they need. Up to that point they scan, looking for keywords. There are several ways to try and reduce the problem: 1. Reduce the word count of each page (ideally by half) 2. Try to remove/minimise instruction text 3. Highlight key words 4. Use lists/bullet points where possible 5. Break up text using clear sub-headings 6. Try to start each page/paragraph with the conclusion, so that users can decide whether to read the page/paragraph early 7. Use images instead of words where possible People are often in a hurry. This means that owner may only have between 10 and 30 seconds to capture your visitor's attention. To minimize the load time, keep graphics small. Compress them where possible. Use flashy technology JavaScript, Flash, Streaming Audio/Video, etc. sparingly and only if it is important to owners’ presentation. Make it want to attract the people that will bring traffic to website. Sell a product on the website, owners will need to be able to accept secure credit card payments . They can apply for a merchant account, which charges a per-transaction fee, or use a free payment service like PayPal.Information and tools Basic E-commerce Tools * A Shopping Cart service allows visitors to select items for purchase, calculates shipping costs and any other costs and discounts, such as coupons or promotions, and then passes the total to your credit card merchant account for payment. Google Checkout is a combination of a merchant account and a single-item shopping cart. This is the easiest way to get started with an online store by selling single items. Just sign up for Google Checkout and you can make Buy Now buttons that you can just paste into your web page. Mailing List – It is important to collect the names and email addresses on visitors to website so you can stay in touch with them to invite them back to the website and also market other offers to them. If website host does not include a mailing list service, a dedicated email list service like AWeber . com or GetResponse. com, also can get a hosting service that includes a mailing list like Site Build It. They manage the collection of names and the list, send out emails, give you the stats on how many were read, and remove any invalid addresses. They keep the list safe, and the list is money. Accepting credit cards is a must for online commerce. Paypal it's pretty easy to setup. With Paypal, people don't have to rent or purchase any equipment because they take the orders for you and then send your revenue directly to your bank account. They take a small percentage of every order you receive. This is much more convenient than having to apply for a business license, rent out the equipment and handle all the orders yourself. PayPal makes it quick and easy Storyboard * Home page—Background photo of cake, headline and links to inside pages * About us-Photo, text * Products-Photo of cake, classify, price Purchase online-Still photo, text * Membership-Text * Contact us-Location of Google maps, phone, address, E-mail Figure 1: Diagram of storyboard Page templates * Home page—background photo of cake, headline and links to inside pages * About us-company introduction * Products-photo of Various types of cakes (wedding / birthday / festival / celebration) * Purchase online-How to Order, How receipt, How to Check Out, Delivery range * Membership – Personal Home, My information, Delivery Address, My Vouchers * Contact us-phone, email, address Figure 2: Diagram of page templatesIMAGE IMAGE MINI LINK MINI LINK HOT HOT image image search search Contact us Contact us membership membership Purchase online Purchase online products products Home page Home page image image LOGO LOGO About us About us Website content owners and authors * Products, Purchase online, Membership — information and organizing department * Why choose us — marketing department Process analysis and update process and schedule * Enable relationships with visitors: 1. C ontact Forms protect email address on site and also provides a more structured format for visitors to contact or ask questions. 2.Q ; A – A powerful way to establish trust and provide information to visitors, and also it helps to bring visitors to site. 3. Build Mailing List – Offer a free newsletter or free report of useful information in exchange for the visitors' email address so it can promote to them in the future. * Website Maintenance involves: 1. Keeping website up-to-date:? Content editing can be accomplished with updated information, such as special offers, product changes, pricing changes, new product and services announcements, employee information changes and all those things that keep visitors properly informed. . Maintaining & managing site:? Using newest technologies, we can monitor site and make changes that improve site performance for faster download and improved content spread. 3. Secure & Protect your site 😕 Server side programming used for form processing, database management, search and display functions, shopping carts etc. require regular update to implement fixes for security holes discovered from time to time. We should manage ASP, PHP and Perl codes for all sorts of applications. 4. Re-structure site contents 😕Using site access statistics like how many visitors the site has, and what they look at while visiting, we should re-structure the site contents and navigation elements for increased business. * Most maintenance job include the following: 1. Modification and Addition of Website Content ? 2. Image Manipulation and Addition (client supplied images) ? 3. Newsletter & email list maintenance? 4. Shopping cart product updates? 5. Update announcements, articles, etc. ? 6. Replace images i. e. pictures & graphics? 7. Adding/removing pages? 8.PDF creation and uploading How you will get people to your website * The ‘Big 3' – Google, Yahoo and MSN Live also offer ads for sale. These are called P ay-Per-Click ads, or PPC. People can buy PPC ad space on other websites and also on the search results pages. When people do a search with these search engines, the paid ads appear at the top and to the right of the search results, and these ads also appear on websites that have added content ad code to their pages. * Affiliate Marketing – Recommending the products and services of others.This little-known aspect of e-commerce involves placing specially coded links on your site that take the visitor to the online store of another company. * The Ultimate Guide to Google Adwords is the best overall introduction and guide to the Google advertising program, and is focused on promoting owners’ website. * Yahoo Cash for Idiots is an excellent introduction to using the Yahoo Search Marketing ad program for promoting your own products or the products of others. References Mal Warwick Associates , â€Å"http://www. malwarwick. om/learning-resources/articles/10-ways-to-get-more. html† ,Reference 2011 Projectsmart , â€Å"http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/work-breakdown-structure-purpose-process-pitfalls. html†, Reference 2000-2011 Wikihow , â€Å"http://www. wikihow. com/Make-a-Website† Webcredible , â€Å"http://www. webcredible. co. uk/user-friendly-resources/web-usability/usability-testing. shtml† Breadtop ,â€Å" http://www. breadtop. com. au/† Breadtalk , â€Å" http://www. breadtalk. com/†, Reference 2009 Couturecakes ,† http://www. couturecakes. com. cn/ â€Å", Reference

Public Communication Essay

Un deal m any(prenominal) of the some other writing assignments d champion thus far, this makeup impart be providing brief synopses for some(prenominal)(prenominal) essays on starts heterogeneous with the study of in the overt eye(predicate) completement. Although it might be possible to disk operating system that the ideas and theories p envyed in these texts argon each straight or false, it will be the finish of this writing to keep back the simple arise and focus on the thoughts that argon presented atomic number 18 still relevant in recent practice of national centering.However, it is outset burning(prenominal) to point out that even straight off in that location is no aggregated survey for weighing or measuring the success of mankind man advancers. This is beca practise in part cod to the various ways in which the agencies manage themselves, for example whether or non they chose to happen national performance review (NRP) answer or a total t wizar d guidance (TQM) manner. A nonher business is that lots condemnations today a guidance policy that has been set up and self-madely tested for the orphic sphere of influence is every grafted to the, or cut downd over the commission policies of a man enterprise.The issue that this brings up is that, dep completeing on the agency, that there is no score idea on who the customers be, nor what product is that the semi humans agency is trying to appease. Meanwhile, the watchfulness theories that argon being imposed on to them, be based on a quantitative examination as to rather they ar successful or non. Simply put, there is no easy or chiliad way for lookers of the field of public electric pig to be able to clearly cross out between the successful counselling bolts of one public administrator to another.In point, researching this problem is the very thing that our first precedent is calling for in his essay. Graham T. Allison attempts with his expressio n, normal and Private concern Are They basically resembling in All little Respects? to some(prenominal) collective and summarise the prevailing ideas on public management at the time (1979). In addition, he highlights several(prenominal) aras in which the academic thinkers were attempt with and arguing over.Allison point out everything from the exchangeableities of How are Public and Private Management A standardized? , to charting out the functions of general management, and to the current research being make to answer several questions that these topics have been brought up since Woodrow Wilson now canonize first article on the unresolved (1979,p 397) (1887). Allisons call for research in this field is still greatly need and sought after today as we shift from one management style to another, get holdmingly distinctive, in todays public agencies. unmatchable example of the straw man that this research is needed can be found in comparing the resent style swing to the NPR, from the to a greater extent tralatitious management style out bank bills in Louis Brownlow, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick essay, written report of the Pre berthnts Committee on Administrative Management (1937). In their essay, they were running(a) to a lower place the assumption that the management side of public administration could be, and was, separate from the policy-making decisions and policies that directs the public service empyrean.Under this assumption, they crusaded for more power and control over the public management process, on the behave of the executive weapon. Some of their ideas included allowing the president to train powerless, celestial sphere concentrated, secretaries that would assist the president with fill necessary entropy from the public bureaus low their area of reach and to pass pole the decisions that the president makes back to the core grouped agencies.These authors go on further to area that all study decisions on t he functions of personnel, fiscal, organizational, and planning management should be given directly to the fix control of the president (1937, p 94). The first problem is that fiscal management locomote low the sureness of the congressional branch of organisation. In addition, with the shifting to struggleds NPR, and other acts of congress, we see congress taking a greater role in the personnel management of public administration.The biggest hangacy in this article is the assumption, that the management of public departments is separated from the political relation and decisions that are made in Washington. In fact, everything about the various departments falls under the control of the very people who the authors are trying to separate them from. Now with a slight deviation from the previous topics on public management, let us take a look at the skip in public administration that involves the movement of bringing traditionally public domain jobs into the head-to-head secto r. The Privatization Movement, once simply a group of scholarly outsiders, has come of age (1987, p 469). Our look into privatization will be through the work through with(p) by, Ronald C. Moe and his essay, Exploring the Limits of Privatization (1987).Moes essay explores several cases like McCulloch v. Maryland, Tennessee vale Authority (TVA), and the entities like Freddie Mac that fall under the Federal Home marge Board, to point out the various issues that are involved with the privatization of public offices. While the issues telescope rom the organizational and budgeting management, to the legal and authority problems that these privatized companies face, Ronald Moe hones in on the latter both issues as to the reasons why privatization will not work with the public sector. The government of the get together States has the right, as a monarch power, to impose taxes, fines, and laws on its citizens. The issue that Moe in concern with is does this, and should this monarch hardlyterflyty be passed along to a governmental contracted company that does not necessarily fall directly under the direct control of the government?Moe listed several attributes that are inherent to a milkweed butterfly government to help his claim these, summarized attributes are, monarch possesses the legitimate right to use irresistible impulse to enforce its will, only a self-reliant whitethorn legitimately go to war with another sovereign, sovereigns can do no wrong, a sovereign is indivisible. A sovereign cannot assign its attributes to a private ships company and remain a sovereign, a sovereign has the right to set forth rules for the tax shelter and transfer of dimension, and finally a sovereign can disavow but not go bankrupt with its debts. (1987, pp 473 474).The turn of the atomic number 6 fall of Freddie Mac and other banks and the later(prenominal) bail-out of these privatized securelys would be an example of a major problem with the concept of privatizat ion of a public sector firm. Are these banks private property and therefore fall under the state and federal rules for bankruptcy? or are do they belong to the public sector and fall under the attribute that protects the government from going bankrupt? Moe correctly claims that by not specifying where this very fine line fells leads to the kinds of corruption and miss-appropriation of public funds that we power saw with the resent collapse of the ho use market.Finally, he calls for a review to be done on identifying the differences between the private sector and the public sector firms before catching our government duties to a private interest. However, this involves appoint some sort of honour to the how the public service works, which is the topic of the next article. In his essay, Creating Public Value Strategic Management in Government Mark H. Moore discusses the problems in nailing down a single method of measuring the output of public managers and their agencies (1995).On e of these problems is as simple as the fact that public agencies are involved in not one public platform, but instead they are usually involved in several different programs that may or may not encounter with one another. This being the case, than why not just take the average? Because these programs, like the money that is utilise to fund them, are designed and supplied by not the managers themselves, like you would see in a private venture, but rather, these things are handed to them by the political process and the managers are there simply to see that the job gets done.In the private sector, one can use the financial success of a firm to determine if the manager for that firm is successful or not. For example, if their product has quantify to it than the customer will buy it and the company will visualise a profit (1995, p 549). However, since the customers of many of the public agency are either compelled to use, and/or they do not pay for the service at the time of use, than this type of assessment is not a valid way to judge the nourish of the public management styles, nor are they very useful for analyzing the programs themselves.According to Moore, often what is done is that some type of cost-benefit analyses is done either before and/or after the program is started and this information is then compared to a similar service in the private sector to determine the effectiveness of the management style. The ii problems with this admittance is that, first it only show the effect that the program that the political lead has implemented and not that of the management itself, and spot that comparing an often vague value system to a very delimited one is not easy task.An simile of this problem would be in using info from a 30 meter image and then merging the information with the visual effect of a 1 meter image. One might be able to get the information into the smaller image, but so much of the info is skewed and lost that it becomes worthless for any kind of analyses. The same thing happens with the data from this type of public sector analyses. You do not just get the effect of just the manager on the learn you also get the public officials that bill of exchange the project, the reaction by the public to the project, and the resolving of the project into one aggregated value set.This set of values is simply similarly diluted to be useful as a measurement against the values from the private sector. Instead, Moore suggests that research in a cost-effectiveness approach may be a ancestor to this problem (1995, p 553). All of these essays end up with the same major issue concerning measuring the successful public management style, from one that is not successful. In one form or another both Moore and Moe have called for research in conclusion some standard in analyzing the public sector.In any analysis standard, the make that politics has in its creation cannot be ignored. If as Woodrow Wilson claim is true, and th e goal of these public administrators is to find the more or less cost-effective and the most efficient method to implement the political oriented policies then why not come up with a measurement on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness to be used for passing judgment on them?